Amount Of Substance

Introduction

in
When chemists measure out an amount of a substance , they use an amount moles .

The mole is a useful because 1 mole Of substance contains the same number
quantity a

of entities of the substance .

}
measured in in dm solution
An amount of moles can be out
by mass
grams ,
by volume Of a

concentration volume in dmˢ

of known and
by of a
gas

relative atomic mass

relative atomic mass

-

the
average mass of one atom of an element in ratio to tzth

of the mass of an atom of carbon -

12 .

the relative atomic mass of a mixture Of isotopes of an element can be calculated

using the formula

ataaabdan
total abundance of all isotopes

"
:
e. g Magnesium Mg
=
78.99.1 . (24×78.99) +
(25--10) + (26×11-01)
"
=

Mg
=
10.00.1 .
7-8-99 +
lot 11-01

26mg =
11.01.1 .
=
24-32

relative molecular mass

↳
the average mass of one molecule of an element in ratio to 1+2 "
the mass

carbon 12
-

of one atom of

relative
formula mass

↳
the sum of the relative atomic masses of the atoms in the numbers show in

the formula
 The mole and Arogadro's Constant
↳
Arogadro's constant is the number of particles in a mole

4)
6.022x1023

The Mole (n), abbreviated Mel is fundamental chemical the

as a
quantity that characterises

amount of substance

I mole of substance contains 6.022x103 particles (atoms, molecules, ions, electrons (

any

Using Arogado's number of "cisotopes with a mass of 12.00g, we can calculate the mass of

I am i n
grams:
6. O2 x 10" (atoms (12amu (atom) =

129 amy-atomic mass

"
6. 02x10 =

amu
1g unit

1.661 10-28g
=
lanu x

using the value of 1 amy, we can calculate the mass of individual atoms in
grams

Mol Calculations

1) Mol /Mr
=

mass

2)Mol concentration
-
& volume

(Mol/dm" ( Cdm3)

3) volume
=
MO) <
27 (or 25000
Idm3) Ccm3 )

The concentration substance is the solute in given

of a
quantity of present a
quantity

of solution. Concentrations
usually expressed in terms defined the
an of
Molarity, as

number of moles of solute in 12 of solution.

The Ideal Gas Equation
order calculations behave like
-

In to perform with
gases we assume
they an ideal
gas

While aren't ideal like is

real
gases gases, treating them
they are a
very good

approximation in calculations

PV=nRT P= pressure in Pa n number

=

of moles

v =
volume in m3 R =
gas constant (8.315 mol" k')

T temperature
=

in K

volume - me=m3 Pressure kPa-1000

=

=
Pa Temperatur
=
c+ 273

CM3 -
m3 MPa -
1000000 =
pa -K
1000000

Ol00ml 50%
e.g. calculate pressure exerted
by of a
gas at with a volume of

1500cm3.

n 0.100
=
T 50=
+
273 323
=

v 1500 = 1000000 0.00015

=
=

0.178.61+325
p (T
=
=

0 00015
=

179,000 pa

e.g calculate the MR of a

gas
-
density of 1.615gdm at 2901 and IO1Upa

=
181,000 x

I dm3 2.615g
=
n
=

8.31 -298

=
10.g mr = mas =

61T 0 0671 =
1000
=
64. I
 Formulae
empirical simplest in
-
whole number ratio of atoms of an element a

compound

Molecular
-
actual number of atoms of each element in a compound

to get from empirical formula to molecular, need the Mur

you

e.g. the empirical: C+2 the Mr= 56

(+ = 1156 +10 7 =

CH2 =
0 CaHg
=

Calculating empirical formula from data giving composition by mass:

e.g 3.53g of iron reacts with cherrine =

10.20g of iron chloride. Find the empirical

formula

10.28 C1
6.71y
=

3.53
=
-

Fe C

3.53 6.71 FeCls

-
mass

-
Mer 55.8 35.5

smallest
= 0.0633 0.189

ratio I 3
 Atom Economy and Percentage Yield

the atom
-
found directly from the balanced equation. Its theoretical rather
economy

than practical. It's defined as

mass of desired product

100
O
- X
·
atom total reactants
economy mass of

useful
-
product
e.g (I reacts with NaOH =Nall+ M20 +
NaOCI

then you can work out the mass of each reactant and
product

-
2NaOH t
D2 NaCI+ HO +NaOCI

2nd I Mol IMd( I mo Imo (

sog 71.09 58.59 18.0g 71.59

151.0g 151.0g

5x100
89.3%
=

some reactions have no wasted atoms

C2tp CeHeBrn
->
t Br
2

289 160g 18Ug

+88
=

100
x100

clear advantages for industry to develop chemical processes with high atom

economies then is less waste+ products

as
by
the yield of a naction is different from the atom
economy:
the tells in how be
theory,
-

atoms wasted
atom
economy us
many must

in a reaction

the yield tells us about the

practical effeciency of the process, how much

is lost
by
a the practical process

b as result of reactions that don't to completion

a go

the number of grams of a specified product obtained in a reaction

the 1-yield=
theoretical maximum product
number of grams of the

e.g. if your theoretical Mass: POI but

you got e

1
↳
86.8%.
=

100
+

further reversible do
a
problem arises with reactions that are and not go

to completion. This isnt This it's impossible to 100%

uncommon. means
get

yield even with the best practical stills.

Limiting Rectants

in experiments, have limiting (in

using we one reactant that is excess

e.g Ca0 f
H,O
- D
CaCOH)2 0 =

umiting
⑭
t
smol 2MD

10 Mol ⑳ 8 Mo

⑳ 0.5 Mol 0.f mol

it
we call the
umiting reagent
 Using Balanced Equations
we can use balanced equations to work out:

masses

volume of gases
-

percentage yields
-

percentage atom economy

-

concentrations + volumes for reactions in solutions

2SO2
+
e.g +Oz 2SOs

asmassof 880 formed from 96.09 of 50to 1

in

b
b) 2H(1 CaCOs CaClz +HcO +CO2
+
+

mal--ofgasisproducedfrom 1509 Cacos atroom toread

what volume

of am

C) IN+ +NaOCl-Nete +NaCl+HO

max theoretical mass
of Note from 300g of NM

mal-c =
20:2 =
10m mass 10
=
+ 32 =
3209

200g =

produced
"
yield 583 +100
=
87.5%

d) atom economy from this

way of making Netla
29.5%.
+
325051852
100 =
o f
Crystallisation calculations

Calculate 1.
e.g. Mass of HO of Crystallisation in

CUSOR. 5H, O
Mr (18+ 5)
=
+
159.6 =
289.6 t6 -
100
=
36.1%

e.g 5,000s of hydrated aluminium sulphate (AcSOns.IMO) contains 2.568 of an

anhydrous salt. Whatthe formula?

5 -

2.568 =2.832g of water mol 5.56

=
I
0.00750

Mr of ACSOds= 352.3

me1
=

0 =

0.135

8 00750:0.135

1: I8 A(c(SOrly. 18
+1,8
 Back Titrations
a bachtituation is done to analyse a base (or acial that does not
easily react with

an acid (or pase). acid treated with excess of base left over-titrated.

e.g trying to find out how many moles of Caco, we have.

We add 10 moles of HCI, excess

-
made into a 250cm stock solution +
the 25cm portion

requires 0.4 moles of Naot for neutralisation

CaCOy+2HCl +
(all + H10 +
CO2 HCl + NaOH

N
10 MO

a) 10 0.p
+ =
a moles of left over HCI

b) 10 -
1 6
=
mal of MC reacted or CaCOs
c) 6 = 2 3Mol Cacos
=
of

is umestone Caco,
=
what
e.g of

1.00g sample of limestone reacts with 180cm of 0.200moldr MCI. The excess

acid required 28.8cm) of 0.100 moldin' Naot

CaCOs +2HCl +CaCk +tO +COu NaOH + HC1-NaLI +

MIO
1
r
18+0.1
me1

+8
=

+0.2 0.02
=
0.002
=

0.02 =
0.00288 HC1 0.00208
=

0.01752

2 0.00876
=

=
mass 0.00876 x 100.1 =
0.877g

-77
100
+ 87.7%.
=
Required Practical 1

Method
1. Take your standard solution, made in 1A (of which you know the concentration
of), and pour 100 cm3 into a beaker.
2. Place a burette into a clamp stand then rinse it with some of the standard
solution first before continuing. Pour the same solution into the top of the burette
making sure not to overfill it.
3. Then place another beaker below the burette and open the tap. Let enough
standard solution out so that the jet space in the burette is filled and doesn’t
contain any air bubbles.
4. Pour 100 cm3 of the alkali with the unknown concentration into a second
beaker.
5. Wash a conical flask with deionised water.
6. Then using a pipette filler and pipette, transfer exactly 25cm3 of solution into a
250cm3 conical flask and place this directly under the burette (on top of a white
tile).
7. Add 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the acid solution in the conical
flask and note the initial colour which should be purple.
8. Record the initial burette reading containing the sodium hydrogensulfate.
9. Titrate the contents of the conical flask by adding solution to it from the burette
until the indicator turns purple and remains this colour after swirling the flask.
Record the final reading on the burette and calculate the volume of alkali added.
10. Recarry out steps 1-8 however this time when adding the alkali to the acid,
open the tap until around 2/3 cm3 before the volume you recorded before.
11. Next remove your burette and wash the sides of your conical flask with
distilled water. Replace your burette above the flask and create a droplet of alkali.
Place this droplet onto the side of your flask and wash down into the acid with
distilled water.
12. Continue this until the solution turns and remains colourless. Recording the
final reading of the alkali and record the volume used to neutralise the acid.