Thermodynamics 1

By
Shyam Mohan Bhaiya
 Kinetic Theory of Gases

1) Intermolecular separation o
o

is MUCH GREATER o

than molecule
°

size
of .

21 .

NegleAi@ecularoofEEs.s
only KINETIC
3) Energy of a molecule is .

Energy of Kitkztkt fkn

- - -

gas
ski snuff kinetic
engines
Molecules
.

4) move in
RANDOL MOTION :
Randomness #
Egg cjks.cz
I,
0,15=4 attcyjtcizk Tv Tv Tv

To N total number of
gig
-

Dsi
-

most
.ie ;
-

asia
§ca=o=Ecy=Eg)
equal and -0
=8
§ staff
components
.
Average Velocity -_ 0

5)
cdlisimsm.tn#Eerw.albareELATC .
No loss hike .

6) (molecular) density of gas is uniform ni container

 Root mean square velocity
ARM
Molecules hit walls 9 on

⇐÷¥¥ggffe
⇐
& apply force during To
collisions This force
.

on a unit area is
.

pressure P of gas .

I I I .

tzmofIcr#
msMFmamYrekF@r0zmE3Io7d.c
F-

where -

Cftc ft -
-
'

ten N -_ total molecules 'm

,ms= container .

Ioffe
m -

mass
NHS
P= -3114mF in box .

F- =P gas density .

e know PV=nRT
deal has Equation .

mmnaatmasskcrns-ff-FE-FE.no?E7T:w
pM=fRT

= 6.023×1023
Boltzmann 's
constant .
knits Yim
pekooozemtaat;e
.

pV=nRT
! ↳ hiatus moi 't
.

-
'
µ

cons
:B =¥T¥F÷E .

crms=ft=CJ5I
T '
for 02
MIO -
032
,
g mot
.

<

kgmcl

=fkg¥Tsz%MoE 328mV !
=

crnst-3.TT#..==aooIo=Fux Crms I 500 m/s .

.

⇐
E3km
hr
How
Gms =
1800 km/hr .
 Average Kinetic Energy of Gas Molecule

molecule is in Pure translation

If a
gas .

'
K
,
=
Iz mo e
,

tzmocittm.cat +
In.cat
=k¥d Effi
-
-
-
-

Kar
=

=
-

Kau =
Imo Gmt

kafkmeai-kpnmdecau-kmdf
L
h . F I / = ZkTKav=3zkT
Temkeratnreofa-gasgire.us molecular
an idea about
g .

of translation
→

Kmean translation BZKT .

of

¥1
How scalar variables are needed
c- many
motion
to describe of a
gas
molecule ?
 scalars tainted
Degrees of Freedom is the number
of
maim
to describe the of a
gas
molecule .

MONO -

atmoic Gas .

nee)
-

Molecule has 1 atom only .

( Noble crash

size is
negligible .

Hence it is treated as a point mass ( panicle) .

atomic molecule has no spinal

mono
gas
-

I
only one
velocity vector .

@ out ) .

Iggy )
c- 3 scalars needed to describe mot 'm .

mono atomic has 3 Degrees of

gas
-

freedom#
Molecule
-

Diatomic has
.

Y #nN
be treated as point .

To
X .

Tcm
xaxis.ch#g-c EI "
-
-
-

H H
spin about Xaxis , X -

\ Fend
I r
T 2
degrees
Ooo X

Gwa
- - - -
•• - - -

z
point Point freedom NOT
.

of freedom .

is
for
I×=
2
(Emr) 20 possibletranslation for
Rotation
.

u
I '

as rao for atom

total =3 t
.

2
Wy to
'
We Do here ( tr ) ( rot)
01-0
w about Yax's & Zana 's ? 5 degrees freedom of
*
.

l
# f. Iay.rs/oBwtNTaboutXaxis.CPassingthrmghHatoms) .
 NIE : linear molecules like Co2 will also Have
2
degrees of freedom for rotation .

ooo q#oxaxi
-
-

YEO -
= total 5
degrees offeedom .

for non linear 6

degrees of freedom
-

,
.

Monoatomic → 3 degrees of freedom .

Kau -_ZkT .

gas
Diatonic 5- degrees of freedom
gas →
 Equipartition of Energy

Energy tfa has molecule is equally divided

all degrees
among of freedom .

Kav =ZzkT
¥73ZKT
degrees rffeedom .

IRT

Energy per degree of freedom =

{ KT .

Monoatomic
gas molecule
-_
kai-ZKT.to
tr Rot

KE Diatomic has Molecule .=kau=ZkTtZkT

- -

trans Rotational

K KAFEKT for Diatomic

per molecule
→
.

Kav =3zkT for monoatomic

Kyzer mile NO Kfar molecule NEAR No

023×1023
.

A- An
kperm # ZRT ( Mono ) .
.

Klar mole
=
Iz RT ( Diatomic)
} "
RT
tal KE in a given box
=kto+aeh
time
of Inde
having n males =¥nRT
Total KE in a
given box (Sample
)
K total =
Zz n RT ( monoatomic)
=
Zz PV

= n RT ( Diatomic) = PV
Print
p¥5m
Vr "

Tama .

÷ .IE?eossloinInil alEnerfy-
is
Final
Entry
EM RT
tzzrz
.

T
-

T
Ezln ,thDRT
=

find moles temp . = T

=n
,
the pressure =P T=MTt ✓
final volume -

4th .
hi tha

find T
Tim:÷?aI's ] Emre
energy
.

PLYtkkd.tk#p=@ithDRT
'

Final Ideal gas gu .

¥ find P .
Kra in box ?
0
=
.

=
I n RT ( Afghan:B
Box contains

(1%0) kg of Nz
d 31
'

x 280 I
Iz
x
.

= x

=
?
 or ) ktotduibox =3znRT=z3pV
for Diatomic
3×400×10574×0 -05in
1-
atmI7¥xL3 -6×104*10 = J .

I 1.013×105 Mmr
latin = 105 Nhi .

3-
b) ktmmsba.us =

2
KT

fer molecule .

& Ktofy =
Szpv Clooxiomnzorosm
translation KE
D= loath n=I F- 320k .

32

PEEP T 's 30k .

bear +
,

dd
)
pV=nRT vsemaiu same .

P' maisoeasig
' '
v=n RT new .

divide
PpI=n' ¥=¥!zo
IF,x¥*÷%
)gms§
leaks ) n'
'y=mCn
'
mass -

=32( Iz
-

Yo Tinder .

V=hpP =

432%1×120 ms Xlo5
.
 -

F- remains constant

ftp. air Po air

) pv=nRT=amH .

)
⇐
pV= count
R
.

100cm
of kg
ofaossauasii?
em
p
- -
-
.

- Tsim .
A- area e -

45cm
A
Po 76cm Hg
If a

Hey Llocm
= .

- .

is .

←
Hg shifts
chamber has
down
dnehigraity.by?EnfpzRcmofHg
expansion of air
.

Upper
- -

so
pressure drops . Mg
has compression hwy
Lower chamber
fourth B
Pressure rises
by 10cm
so pressure rises .

kg
In problems having thy whining we
should take Pressure in cm of Hg to
simplify
calculations & equations .

Pat rise in pressure =

PB .

P 10 =P
, cmoftlgt Chef Ng , cmofkg
D Pitt 0=472
I
andong cm
bkg
PV-oustant.cm RHS
.

-
9h Uppucker
-

2) Po Lu 5) A =P. a) A

tower 3) Po Lu 5A) F-
Pz (Us a) A
-

( 76)
YIa
45 she fora
t to
=
.
.

Iste
 -

÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷¥÷i÷÷÷ ÷
p a

.
.

atmosp
airat.ws phonic
.
air

Air trapped in upper part expands from

Vi = not to
y -558A .

Due to expansion pressure drops .

Pf of air
-22
=
Patin ↳ and kg
↳ emoting .
You q ng

Pivi=H
Palm 40A =
(Paton 2458A .

Yo Paton = 58 Rata -
22×58 .

22×58
Paton = cm
of Hg .

(page
-

Upto INE A tho 111

HIS
-

Pom : Min : section Itsbe done

-

.
Properties
Calorimetry Section I
-

to be done this week

by yourself
.