Chapter 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

Chapter 14. Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

1. Integrals of Newton’s 2nd Law

a. Newton’s 2nd Law

b. Integral with respect to  -

chlk
c. Integral with respect to  -

chl

2. Work-Energy
a. Energy
b. Work
c. Expression for Work in various Coordinates
d. Conservative Force 보끈력 ,

e. Work done by the Gravitational force

f. Work done by Spring force
g. Non-conservative Force
h. Potential Energy
i. Power

Ⓒ EUN SOO KIM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SINCE 2017 - 1 -

 Chapter 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

1. Integrals of Newton’s 2nd Law

a. Newton’s 2nd Law for a constant mass system

   Inafalfdheous change in the PosFtron

        : instantaneous change in the motion
 *  -

다무관

b. Integral with respect to  : The force is given as a function of position.

범교 1mv를 는Mv
p

곳 F=
&
도 . :
wonk -

terguprncrplo
서 니
work Krnetacenergo :

Change nthe
magurludcof wadrorly

c. Integral with respect to  : The force is given as a function of time.

ti
ft .
탄
=mvi
판 Lneanampulso-Momertum prrnclplo
lrnear impulso LhTnear momentum
thuveloorll
.

chango n
:

- 2 - Ⓒ EUN SOO KIM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SINCE 2017

Chapter 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

2. Work-Energy IJ=
1 N 6m
.

a. Energy : amount of potentral f족 do work .

The standard unit used to measure energy and work done in physics is the joule, which has
i
4

따
the symbol J. In mechanics, 1 joule is the energy transferred when a force of 1 Newton is
ㅡ
~

applied to an object and moves it through a distance of 1 meter. Another unit of energy you
may have come across is the Calorie.

b. Work done by a force

drco
다

  목 r =
Fr COsA =
FCdrcos@

a force wrh dowork anhwhen aburncbhadergoesadsplacemunt

nthe drcofon ol th force

상

Example) Circular motion with a constant speed 넣≡ tdN = 그화 등lld *lt

lonmakrangentralcoor.
(
구 T에 = d= ds .
σ"
망

1n1
K
)

.
회
. 00
TdSC. =명
dV f dr T en dqot
. = = .
k
.
=

N
h

…
C
jt
< @

의
원심력력

  ⇒   


Ⓒ EUN SOO KIM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SINCE 2017 - 3 -

 Chapter 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

c. Expression for Work in various Coordinates


※  
 Ap = 로
-



OCartesTan
: Coorr

남 기공 + y 국
= ⇒=
F π tbl 골 tatdy3] dt
tdr π
= # dr d라로 dy☆ tdzi
= +

Polar
TO Coar.

넘파 ⇒ π
=tdrF atdr nfratder =
atdt frtdocajdt ⇒di =dontrdㆍ
호
π o tdz교

iiiONormal Xangentil Coor

.

F부고 atdset )dt ⇒d


팀t = dgt
 
∙ 
 =
다

   



.
U -z
=

f마곳
.
.
파 = fi( FrrfFo otfzk).
'
&
(
drntrd @co+ t dz&)
←

fpfrir drfffoi rdotfi fZdz

.

β8
=

Unl S뷰교 mffina

R고
d -
dt = .
. f .
.
im tA는
6 공 =8 .
im t =
만
6
A ,대라.
운 .

늘로
고
16 =
tOtK (하 t무
얼 2 i t-
+ 삼파후 = , ]64다 .= id)

fim d(정 =및 Imf . . [=mv 황m찍

=
는 )
:뒤

KTneficnergy . T
= lmv ⑫: I0 -
는 π
ktUL
ㄱ
J-+

∎ Work-Energy Principle :       
If there is a component of the force in the direction of the displacement, the force will
he magnrfade
do work and as the result, 4the magnitudeof Veloortu
of velocity
fthe of theorll
prncrple particle
be will be
changed changed.
If there is only the force acting perpendicular to the displacement like the
centripetal force, the drreofion of
the direction f the
of velocity of partide
the wall
particle
be will be change.
change
elocaly

- 4 - Ⓒ EUN SOO KIM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SINCE 2017

 mg
신 d

Chapter 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy 인 dd x닝관음이O

nx

dd d d
본Fone- )부.d

◎ Conservative Vector field fore verolon freld veloorly ceotofld

LTGF NF
.

ㅡ
A conservative vector field is a special vector field whose 2

line integral along any closed curve C is zero.

 
∙
~
 
-
drf dro
M
s
SaZ . faF .
*

faf d↓= f여다 dF 사 Sab동 인업 facnh unthu

-
.. = 법 "
. .
.

(Fnty
f세
D 다.

력설
곧 J π

.
*
태
-

independent of fhe path

이파다 T
II
L.
.. .
:

요뮴
)
.

아"
.
t

inntmm6 Thv0mk시 0 N사이다.때메비 . 따라 .* .ㆍ마라삼터까 *

A conservative vector field is a gradient of scalar function which is called a potential
비 .
iif ty
-
미
세

function;

L
더 테법 젬
올 영교
yrfy
fri 서
-

OfKdt=⑧ ⇒군 =등 의 xxokO
tunats
아 potracal
=

d. Conservative Force
independent otofthe
: The work done by the conservative force is independent the patu
path udanddapendnt
depends
on the
only theand
onuial final
initial and posafion
final position. ex) gravitational force, spring force(elastic force)

e. Work done by the Gravitational force

A 1
If there is no frictions, (=atdi= atdc 리
ieys]dt
mgd
↓ .polanthal
dog dr =- mgz. ( dnu + dyg )
.

. mg
= d mgy
= =

Afi o

없
=

.
~
ing rgr fkmgn Shihm mgdy= mgchka hi)
7
ㅡ = dr = -

Dol = ( tFy g mg
기로 골 . )

, .
-
ㅨ
F

로 k

=
파
이동방상 1 2
0
4

과 손적
일동일 ,

"일
1 . 2에서의 동일
v

f. Work done by Spring force

idl d. =

dE= te .
dr⇒ te= kCr-
쁘에 -
= -L 인다와
f

6
-kt
다 .이Kd +00 o ) ttC
. tdroti 일이
에 = e

정표포kopla
업

Y
따려 S Fnd
이다
=
.
나
dr dra+ do@
=

.이-
없* if-
. O
pofnhul .
p IKd 를tuctndasth
l
powthodlnwgy =
다
수 -

는 .
8

Ⓒ EUN SOO KIM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SINCE 2017 - 5 -

Chapter 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

g. Non-conservative Force
depends on
: The work done by a non-conservative force depends the path.
on the path ex) friction, drag .

공l( etlldry
fr =
-
ukqt
* O⑤=
fkrt2 =fo -Mkaat dsat fo Mcuds
*
곳
=
d -

Pg fpi ukNds= dUkaSpisd RukNv

ㅡ

-
= -
2
ㅡ
: -

Pa fk ukWds ukNfp ds aRMkww

-
=

쯔
=-
" . -
'
2 에
*

gol =

mgu
-

ole = -

C
윈kdz

h. Potential Energy
: the work against the conservative forces
ㅡ
ㅡ

conaurvatuv Nmu- consovttve

. dVin
   i   ⇒ 쳤인다 dV -
= =

CS NC

업 =
.
J* 과인고 =
않모Rnttwo) Ar
( 0
. =
f최로대연
*
tJ교샤 4
라연 .
,

dc.g = -
dV 있다고
=

감 0 따다
fd [
Ui-tzl +t
쁨다
-
=
.

alfungg 다

∎ Work-Energy principle Kneficrrergypotenitral Gnergg

댐 :
k T.tVi Gt 로
       X(Ui ba7tvvatr
=
⇒ T . -
=
니
4
to.c
mechanrcal fnergy

∎ For a particle connected to a spring under gravity,



 
 

CS       CS ∙ 



π tli tvrevz= zt U 로

MV mghit kd.iztvr.etz= lmkt(ugh2t llalt )

)
( (
돌
코 ,
E 도

- 6 - Ⓒ EUN SOO KIM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SINCE 2017

Chapter 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

※ Conservation of Mechanical Energy TTV 쉼 =

If the work done by the non-conservative forces, the mechanical energy is conserved!
OdrorO] (π tvi
,
F
=
ktVz]

Example) Conservation of Mechanical Energy

h .

~
퍼 hz

i. Power : The time rate of doing work

  ∙    
 ≡    ∙   ∙  [ N·ms  W]
  

Ⓒ EUN SOO KIM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SINCE 2017 - 7 -

Chapter 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

Example)
A small vehicle of mass m enters the top A of the circular path of radius R with a horizontal velocity
 and gathers speed as it moves down the path. Treat the vehicle as a particle in this problem.

(a) If there is NO friction, determine an expression for the angle  in terms of g, R, and  .
The angle  locates the point B where the vehicle leaves the path and becomes a
projectile. (Draw a free body diagram and show your equation of motion for the small vehicle
using Normal-Tangential coordinates.)

(b) If there is the friction between the vehicle and the surface, find an expression for the
work done by the friction in terms of m, g, R, , and  when the vehicle moves the
circular path from A to C where the vehicle leaves the path. Assume the angle  is known.
(Draw a free body diagram and show your equation of motion for the small vehicle using
Normal-Tangential coordinates.)

- 8 - Ⓒ EUN SOO KIM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SINCE 2017

Chapter 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

Ⓒ EUN SOO KIM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SINCE 2017 - 9 -

Chapter 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

Example)
A particle of mass m moves from position A along the circular path of radius R as shown in
the figure. A spring with stiffness k is attached the particle and its unstretched length is L. The
particles is released from rest at A. There is no friction on the surface.

(a) Draw a free body diagram for the particle at  . Sol) See above the F.B.D.

(b) Write an equation of motion for the particle at  using the normal-tangential coordinate.
Sol)
     
             


   cos 
   sin  
   


  
  cos           sin      


      
  
 
 

    cos   ⇒      cos  
           sin         
 

(c) Determine the maximum speed of the particle in terms of g and R if the particle slides
without losing contact with the circular path all the time.
Sol)

  
 
                 ∵       

 

 
  ∘   

 

  ∘ 
  

   
         ⇒                         sin  
   
 
      sin  ⇔   
  sin  ∴ max  
  for   
 

(d) Determine the minimum value of the spring stiffness k which makes the particle slide
without losing contact with the circular path all the time. Express your answer in terms
of m, g, R, and L.

Sol) The condition not to lose contact by Eq1.:            sin  ≥ 

To have a contact with the path even at  max , the minimum value of the spring
stiffness should be
  
    sin     
   
 ≥  ⇒    max      ≥   
            

∴ min  
   

- 10 - Ⓒ EUN SOO KIM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SINCE 2017

Chapter 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

Example)
The mass  cart slides on the track from rest at position A as shown in Figure. The section
of the track from position A to C is frictionless but the other section from position C and E
has friction.

(a) Draw a Free Body Diagram and derive an equation of motion for the cart when it passes
at point B. Use the normal-tangential coordinate.
Sol) F.B.D at point B
E.O.M for the cart at point B
  
   
 

  
 
               

 
 
(b) If the normal force acting on the cart at point B is “n” times the weight of the cart,
determine the speed of the cart at point B and the height  in terms of n,  , and  .

  
 
Sol)    ⇒                

 
 


      ⇒    
       ⇒ ∴   
  
 
 
             ∵          
 
     
    ⇒       ⇒ ∴    
   

(c) Assume the track from C to E is a circular path with radius of  and has the friction.
Draw a Free Body Diagram and derive an equation of motion for the cart when it passes
at point D. Use the normal-tangential coordinate and the angle  .
Sol) F.B.D at point D E.O.M for the cart at point D
  
  

  
 

 cos     

   sin      
     

   

 

Ⓒ EUN SOO KIM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SINCE 2017 - 11 -

Chapter 14 Kinetics of a Particle: Work and Energy

(d) If the cart loses contact at point D, determine the work done by the normal force and the
friction force during the cart moves on the path from point C to D in terms of ,  ,
 ,  , , and  .

Sol)  cos     

   sin     
     

       


     cos     
    sin    

If the cart loses contact at point D, ∵  ⇒    sin 

      ⇒      

 
               sin
 
  
                ∙       ∙       

 

  


 

  

(i) Work done by the normal force:


∴         ∙    

  ∵  ∙   

(ii) Work done by the friction force: using [Eq1] and [Eq2]
 
             sin    
 



   sin   sin        sin    
  

∴           

 

   sin  
 

- 12 - Ⓒ EUN SOO KIM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED SINCE 2017