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Electric Potential
Electric Potential
Electric potential.
You must be able to calculate the electric potential for a point charge, and use
the electric potential in work-energy calculations.
• electric potential V
r r
Ui WE if
rf
Uf
equivalently: FE d l
ri
You must use this convention if you want to use the equation for potential energy of point
charges! If you use the above equation, you are “automatically” using this convention.
Potential energy of point charge in electric field
r ur
• force on point (test) charge: F qE
rf r r rf u
r r
U f Ui F d l q E d l
ri ri
r r f
U f U i q E d l
i
Example: calculate the electric potential energy of two protons
separated by a typical proton-proton intranuclear distance of
2x10-15 m. +1.15x10 J
-13
+e +e
D=2x10-15 m
Uk
q1q 2
k
e e
9 109
1.6 10 19
1.6 10 19
r12 D 2 10 15
U 1.15 1013 J
+e -e
D=5.29x10-11 m
Uk
q1q 2
k
e e
9 109
1.6 10 1.6 10
19 19
U 4.36 1018 J
U Uf Ui Wconservative if
change in potential energy is defined as the negative of the
work done by the conservative force which is associated with
the potential energy (today, the electric force).
*for example, if you “slowly” lift a book, or “slowly” push two negatively charged balloons together
Example: two isolated protons are constrained to be a distance
D = 2x10-10 meters apart (a typical atom-atom distance in a
solid). If the protons are released from rest, what maximum
speed do they achieve, and how far apart are they when they
reach this maximum speed? 2.63x10 m/s
4
2.63x104 m/s
Example: two isolated protons are constrained to be a distance
D = 2x10-10 meters apart (a typical atom-atom distance in a
solid). If the protons are released from rest, what maximum
speed do they achieve, and how far apart are they when they
reach this maximum speed? 2.63x10 m/s
4
How far apart are the protons when they reach their maximum
speed?
Example: two isolated protons are constrained to be a distance
D = 2x10-10 meters apart (a typical atom-atom distance in a
solid). If the protons are released from rest, what maximum
speed do they achieve, and how far apart are they when they
reach this maximum speed? 2.63x10 m/s4
v=0 +e +e v=0
Initial
ri=2x10-10 m
+e Final +e
v v
rf=
+e Final +e
v v
rf=
E f Ei Wother if
0 0 0
K f Uf Ki Ui Wother if
K f Ui
v=0 +e +e v=0
Initial
ri=2x10-10 m
+e Final +e
v v
rf=
K f Ui
How many objects are moving in the final state? Two.
+e Final +e
v v
rf=
K f Ui
1 2
2 m p v k
e e
2 ri
v
ke 2
9 10 1.6 10
9 -19 2
2.6310
m 4
Ur 1 1 q1q 2 1 q2
V(r) q1 is the test charge, q2
1 q
V r . Only valid for a
rb r r
U f Ui FE d l r
rb F r rb r r
Vf Vi dl E d l .
ra E
q q ra q ra
r r f
Vf Vi E d l
i
Two conceptual examples.
Important note:
V this is the symbol for electrical potential
V this is the symbol for the unit (volts) of electrical
potential
v this is the symbol for magnitude of velocity, or speed
Don’t get your v’s and V’s mixed up! Hint: write your speed v’s
as script v’s, like this (or however you want to clearly indicate a
lowercase v): v vv
What is the potential due to the proton in the hydrogen atom at
the electron’s position (5.29x10-11 m away from the proton)? 27.2V
+e -e
P VP?
+ -
Vp
kq
k e
9 109 1.6 109
27.2 V
r D
5.2910 11
Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charges
r
q1 q1 q2
q1q 2
U 0 U k
r
before after
To find the electric potential energy for a system of three
charges, we bring a third charge in from an infinite distance
away:
r12 r12
q1 q2
q1 q2
r13 r23
q3
before after
q1q 2 q1q 2 q1q 3 q 2q 3
U k U k
r12 r12 r13 r23
We have to add the potential energies of
each pair of charged particles.
Electric Potential of a Charge Distribution (details next lecture)
1 qi
Collection of charges: VP
40
i r .
i
Charge distribution:
dq
1 dq r
V
40 r
. P
Potential at point P.
We’ll work with this next lecture.
Example: a 1 C point charge is located at the origin and a -4
C point charge 4 meters along the +x axis. Calculate the
electric potential at a point P, 3 meters along the +y axis.
y
qi q1 q 2
VP = k = k +
i ri r1 r2
P
9 1×10 -6
-4×10 -6
3m r r2 = 9×10 +
1 3 5
x
= - 4.2×103 V
q1 4m q2
Example: how much work is required to bring a +3 C point
charge from infinity to point P? (And what assumption must we make?)
0
y
Wexternal E K U
q3
P Wexternal U q 3V
3m 0
Wexternal q3 VP V
q3
P q1 q 2 q1 q 3 q 2 q 3
U = k + +
3m r r23 12
r r13 r23
13
r12
q2 x
q1 4m
U = 9 109
1×10-6 -4×10-6
+
1×10 -6
3×10 -6
+
-4×10
-6
3×10 -6
4 3 5
U = - 2.16 10-2 J
The Electron Volt
U= qV
1 eV
U = -4.36 10 J = -4.36 10 J
-18 -18
-19
-27.2 eV
1.6 10 J
“Hold it! I learned in Chemistry (or high school physics) that the
ground-state energy of the hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. Did you
make a physics mistake?”
Work-Energy Theorem:
Wnet if K