Physical Quantities : Quantities that can be measured

Non -

Physical Quantities : Quantities that cannot be measured in numbers

e.
g. joy ,
sorrow
,
sweet ,
bitter ,
fear etc .

7 Basic
Physical Quantities
SI Base Unit Derived Quantities
length meter Quantities made out
of
man
Time
kilogram base
quantities .

Seconds
Absolute CLASSMATE
Temperature Kelvins
Physics byArea Rashid Force
KashanVolumes
, , energy
Electric current
Ampere
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t t t t
Intensity
m"D%!eau%sJ_
Luminous Candela
Amount substance
of mores
[refix Conversions
Rule # 1
If a
prefix is to be removed
multiply
:
,
"
(G) 10 the with the
Giga value exponent
106 I to
Mega ( M) ,
4500 MJ J Ii ,
33 MA to A
4500×10-3 33×106
kilo 1k ) 103 4.5J 3.3×107 A

10° Iii
no
prefix ,
95000µm to m

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"
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deci (d) 10 9.5×10 m

centi (c) 10-2 Rule # If divide

2
prefix is to be inserted ,
:
a

the with the

10-3
value
exponent .

Mili (m )
I 4.5×106 J to KJ Ii 0.000063A
, ,
to
µA
micro
1µL 10-6 4.5×106 4.5×103 KJ
103
= 0.000063 =
63µA
10-6
nano In ) 10-9
 Measurement Techniques

1 .
Length
Kilometers Range Precision
Trundle Wheel T several meters 0.1cm

Measuring tape curved several meters

→
0.1cm
Meter rule →

straight length 100cm 0.1cm

} precise
Vernier Small
caliper 20 -25cm 0.01cm but

Micrometer Screw
Gauge .
-2.5cm ,
0.001cm lengths

tape CLASSMATE Physics by Kashan Rashid

meter rule
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↳
,
2. Mass

f preferred
•
Electronic Balance
• Beam Balance

Electronic Balance Beam balance

3. Weight
Spring Balance Compression Balance
•
Newton meter
Spring Balance
•

Compression CLASSMATE
balance
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for short
4. Time intervals
cathode
Ray Oscilloscope
•

•
stopwatch
Clock +

CRO
•

long
intervals
5. Temperature
liquid in thermometer
glass
•

Thermocouple thermometers
-
•

Temperature Sensors

Thermocouple
6. Current

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•
Ammeter YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE

Galvanometer
•
Multimeter1
beyond
syllabus )
Ammeter Multimeter
Galvanometer
7 .

Voltage Sensitive Ammeter

• Voltmeter
•
Multimeter
 Taking measurements
from a Micrometer Screw Gauge
Thimble scale

r
Main scale Thimble scale
Reading =

1- reading reading

Main scale
→
Readings are in milimeleis

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1- → 0.01

30
" 0-0
15 5
Thimble scale 3 → 0-03
← ← <

Datum line a
25 Reading go i. a o

9+0.09
Main Scale
10-10.10
Reading
MSR : 5.5 mm NISR :
3.0 mm MSR : 4.5mm

TSR : +0.27mm TSR : -10.13mm TSR : -10.03mm

5.77mm 3.13mm 4.53mm

 Zero Error

When the the instrument not when the

reading on is zero even

instrument is closed is called a iwo error .

→ Broken
from the
meter rule mark zero cm

it
→ Man balance
giver reading when nothing is
placed on

screw it closed
Micrometer
gauge gives reading when is
→
.

→ Ammeter is notneedle
at zero when no current is

passing .

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Random
Systematic Error Error

Errors introduced introduced

fault due
→ due to the → Errors to the
in the variations in
apparatus ,
method
of used expert surrounding or

went or the reaction time

equations human
-
.

Not Averaging
→ removed
by repeat and →
Repeating and removes

random error
average .

→ correct
your
method
,
equations etc →
Temperature parallax
,
error
,
reaction
Hero error is a
type of systematic error) time
Zero Error in a Micrometer Screw Gauge Thimble
scale
+
y .

,
-0.04mm
→
+0.02mm
,
I + Ve zero

error
-

0 -

Main scale zero -

matches the e
I -
ve zero
-

thimble scale i.
error

y
-

Lew v v

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0.02mm +

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-

by Kashan Rashid
0.04mm 46 → 0.04mm

45 → 0.05mm
correct measured
reading =

-
zero 44 → 0.06mm
error
reading
measured value = 4.36mm

if + ve zero error
if
-
ve zero error

correct value = 4.36 -

( +0.027 correct value =
4.36 -
l -0.04 )
=
4.34mm =
4.40mm
 Time Period Pendulum
of a
simple +
. . .
e-

§
1 Oscillation
Time taken
for anything to
happen
> ✗ ↳

once .
that
repeats on
itself .
mid
:

Time
for 1 oscillation of a
pendulum "

Time
•

is Period
- -

Length of
- - - -
-

called .
7
L : a
T

"
simple pendulum "
1- =
21T I length T ✗ 1 till the center Bob
of
>
a

F CLASSMATE
grau field strength
1- ✗
Physics
L by Kashan Rashid
> .

strong of swing
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g
→
grau .
→ more
speed
of pendulum bob
✓ less times
Mass has no

Time Period taken

effect on .

Experimentally . . .

}
10 )
I. Note the time
for n oscillation In __ "
formed to reduce random
Do the above twice
2.
step . errors while
taking readings .

"
tarot =
ti + tz ( Avg .
time
for n oscillation , ,
2

4. 1- =

tavg
n
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