Scalar Quantities

Quantities that have magnitude only → A numerical value is

Example : mass .
time ,
temperature current , ,
enough for representation of
voltage energy ,
,
work
, power ,
a scalar
quantity .

distance , speed

Vector Quantities
Quantities that have magnitude and direction
both

Example :

velocity displacement acceleration force

, , , ,

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gravitational field strength moment of force
Physics by Kashan Rashid
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,

A vector
quantity is
represented by ±
I ,
numeral value + direction
4N due East OR 4N at 40° North East OR +4N -4N I > +

of I convention )
ii Arrow
> sign I
>
head points in the direction

^
of the vector
quantity force )
( i. g. 101000N due East

length { scale }
tells the value
of quantity 1cm 2000N
-
: -
-

Ñ ? >

{ } " "
E scale : 1cm = IN 5cm
< > >

Y W
sv
E
10,000N
 →
Study of motion without the
reference of force !
-

distance speed acceleration

time
displacement velocity
•

;É
Distance
Displacement B

" " ath "" " " " M" between "
"
M GAY "
points
µµweÉ
two two
between
points .

Scalar
2.
quantity 2. Vector
quantity µ
Distance beliveau CLASSMATE
A andB is 4m North -
East
of by Kashan Rashid
Physics
A .
•

B is 5m .
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SAB =
4m or SAB -_ -
4m A

start ( origin ) Distance Displacement -

< • >
+

0
.
your
>
t•
"
'

•
8am •i4m • < :* 0A 10m +10m sign of displ
÷ > .
C
"
B 6M 013 16m +10-6 = +4m tells the
5m E
If object returns to 0C 20m +4-4=0 location from
28m 0-8 -8m
stop starting point its OD origin
=
.

total displacement OE 33m -8+5 = -3m

"
is zero !
 Speed Velocity Average Speed =
total distance
total time
1. Rate
of change of 1 .
Rate
of change of
distance
displacement Average velocity = total displacement
012 OR total time
Distance •B
travelled
Displacement per

¥74300m
per unit time unit time

start 20s -
•

d→ distance displacement
→
z .
✓ =
z .
✓ =
s End
[
I I
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•

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£0s Rashid
1ms -11 Unit m/s )
'

SI Unit mfs SI
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1ms
-

3.
:
3 .
:

avg speed 200+300+500

-
. .

4. Scalar quantity 4 . Vector

quantity 10+20+20

A is moving A at m/s
car car is
moving = 1000 =
20

at 4mA .
4ms due East .
50

>
4m15
>
+4ms avg.ve/ocity--0--Om1s
50
<
4m15 <
-44s
When
journey starts and ends at the same

point avg.ve/ociiy-- 0 because tot

displ -0
-

. .

,
 Acceleration

÷?⃝÷
Rate ✓ Direction
of change of velocity change
•

OR I
in with
Change velocity respect to time velocity change
7 ,
i t
•
Formula : a = Av a- - V - u acceleration
- >

Bt t Acceleration
Dldelta ) →
change
v.
final velocity u

v= DI & v=DS_ u: initial

velocity change in magnitude Changi in

Dt
CLASSMATE
Dt t time taken :

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Physics by Kashan Rashid
of velocity direction

speeds up
→
•
Vector quantity
•
SI Unit :
MI5 Slows down
→

at sign
"

" " ' '

✓
'

✓
5m15 Tonys gimp convention
✓
u=2m1s
-
=
v
-

- , ,
= '
,
r -

-1=15 Dt -0.1s
Guys / t=ls
-

✓ u -10m s
-

iiimp
- - -
=

sign
a- VI so a- V1 a- 5-10
a=V-u_ so a- 8-1110 )
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-

a-
-

so - -

t t 1 t 0.1
a- -

4m15 (slowdown) a- -
-

5m15 a= 180m15
4mA change second deceleration retardation
every
<
Graphs of kinematics

Distance
Speed
✓
time time
graphs
-

graphs
- -

vIm5
'

dlm , " ,

m=D_y=?d_ speed m=D1=Dv_ =

All .

DX At Dx Dt
+ " ' " ' "
= =
A
Izbxh
-
-
-
-

-
-

A
i
tgb×h Lztxv
=
+ iii. I =

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> 1- It=d) ✗

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Physics by Kashan Rashid >
↳
distance

tls
2
I tls
x-axis : time no
physical x-axis : time

y-axis : distance
quantity y-axis :
speed
speed acceleration
gradient :

gradient :

Area under
graph meaningless Area under
graph distance
: :

lines 1 constant Gradient )

A
Curves ( Changing Gradient )
>

m=t m -00

,m=
-

m=O m= + inc .
s m=+dec .
>

m= -
Inc m= -
dec .
Distance time graphs
-

" " "

41m 41m 41m B

d-
power
° O O
- - s

0
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tls
0
Physics
tls
0
by Kashan Rashid tls
Object at
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at rest 3.
Object at constant
1. rest 2.
Object
Lat the
origin ) lahead
of origin ) speed
constant
grad speed 0
grad speed 0
grad speed
-_ __ __ -_ -
-
-_

VA < V13

MA L MB
 "
Distance never
^ ^
41m 41m decreases even
if the

body away or
moves
towards the
origin .

Hence d- t
a
graph "

always moves
up
.

O O
- -

O 0
tls tls
4.
Object accelerating 5.
Object decelerating
(
increasing
its
CLASSMATE
speed ) ( decreasing its
speed ) by Kashan Rashid
Physics
increasing
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grad speed grad speed decreasing

-
-
= -
- =

^
An
object stark .
from rest at A. dlm .
A

't
It travels with
towards B
increasing rest speed
Slows and
speed . down then the slow

.¥
down
object momentarily stops at B. It then
turns back towards A. It travels back ,
"
to A pith any
inyeasi.gg speed seek
.

A
• >

At rest tls
CLASSMATE
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 speed -

time
Graph
"

Ims
"

Yms
"
✓
^
Yms ^ ^
A

volt B

"
at
Not less
0 0 °
> > >
0
tls CLASSMATE 0

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Physics by Kashan Rashid
4s
0
4s
at rest
1.
Object 2.
Object at constant 3.
Object at constant

acceleration
grad all 0
speed
- -
-
-

grad -_acc=0
grad =acc=0

Onys →
2mfs→4m1s→6m/s
+ 2 +2 +2
 "

Yms
" "

Yms ^
Yms ^ ^

v -

% ? .
&
§
.

A B
0 ° °
> > >
0 0 0
4s 4s 4s
4.
Object at constant 5.
Object at
increasing
decreasing 6. Object at
deceleration CLASSMATE
acceleration acceleration
Physics by Kashan Rashid
constant
grad acc decreasing
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grad -_acc=
grad ace increasing
- -

- - -
__ .
.

10ms →
8m15 →
6mfs→4mp omfs-il.in/s-3m1s-6m/s-1Om/sOm1s-5mfs-s9m/s-sl2m/s
-2 -2 +4
-2 +1 +2 +3 +5 +4 +3
 " "
✓
Ims ^
Yms ^

. grad →
vertical
inc .

grad horizontal
→
dec .

0 °
> >
0 0
4s 4s
7.
Object at
increasing 8.
Object at
decreasing
deceleration
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deceleration
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grad
-_ acc
increasing grad all
decreasing
: -
:
-
- -

15ms → 14m/ s →
hemp →
9ms →
5m15 15m15 →
10m15 →
6m15 → 3m/s → 1- m/s
-
1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -4 -3 -2
 i.
increasing acceleration
2. constant speed
4
3. constant acceleration
5
3
4 .
constant deceleration
"

1
6 5 .

decreasing deceleration
6. constant deceleration

grad = acceleration

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