Mechanics
Composition of Forces
Theorem Varignon’s Theorem
Definition Definition
The moment about point of the resultant of a system of
If two concurrent force are represented by and ,
concurrent forces is equal to the sum of the moment of the
their resultant is given by where divides so various forces about the same point , given as
that
B
P4
P5
OB C P3
A
A P2
O OA P1
In case , the theorem yields
O
Lamy’s Theorem
Definition Equivalent Couple Theorem
If a particle is in equilibrium under the action of three forces, Definition
each force has a magnitude proportional to the sine of the The effect of a couple upon a rigid body is unaltered if it is
angle between the other two, given as replaced by any other couple of the same moment lying in the
same plane.
For & with an angle if then increasing as ,
B
becomes
P2
P3 O P1 A
Kinematics
Cartesian Coordinates called radial direction and direction perpendicular to it is called
transverse direction. Then from figure:
Differentiating equations with respect to" "
Radial & Transverse Components
ŝ
Y
90 P (r , )
r s
r yj Now
90
o
xi X
Let be polar coordinates of point , in which
Where
being radius vector. Direction of radius vector is
Page 1 of 5
Mechanics
Also Dividing equations
Therefore is parallel to when , i.e.
Where
Where
Tangential & Normal Components
n̂ t
Y
S
Where
90 90
o
xi X The curvature
The radius of curvature
Y
Q(r r , t t )
Legends
r r r
P (r , t )
r̂ r
X
Let and be position vectors of a
particle at time respectively, then:
Rectilinear Motion
It is motion along the straight path. Here:
Using given boundary conditions in equation i.e.
and , to find out value constant of integration
Then distance traveled in time is given by:
Motion with Constant Acceleration
Integrating equation
Integrating equation
Using given boundary conditions in equation i.e.
Using given boundary conditions in equation i.e. ,
and , to find out value constant of integration
, and , to find out value constants of
Then velocity at any time is given by: integration and
Integrating equation
Then distance from origin at any time is given by:
Page 2 of 5
Mechanics
Distance-Dependent Acceleration
Comparing equations
Integrating equation
From equation
Rewriting equation
Integrating equation
Using given boundary conditions in equation i.e.
Integrating equation
and , to find out value constant of integration
Then velocity after some distance traveled in time is given by: Here are arbitrary constants and can be determined if
value of distance for some value of distance is known.
Also
Motion with Variable Acceleration
Time-Dependent Acceleration
Multiplying equation with on both sides
Integrating equation
Integrating equation
Integrating equation
Motion along Vertical Line
Here are arbitrary constants and can be determined if
value of time for some value of distance is known.
Velocity-Dependent Acceleration
Simple Harmonic Motion
Amplitude of Motion
at and is called amplitude of motion
It is maximum distance from the center
Integrating equation
Velocity of Motion
Here is arbitrary constant and can be determined if value of
velocity for some value of distance is known. Range
Also
Time period
Integrating equation
Here is arbitrary constant and can be determined if value of
velocity at some instance is known.
Page 3 of 5
Mechanics
Motion of Projectile
Trajectory of Projectile Speed of Projectile
Y Horizontal Velocity
V0
Speed of projectile
O A X
Equation of projectile is given as: Parabola of Safety
Y
vy
V0
Here
O A X
Multiplying both sides with Equation of projectile is given as:
Here
Adding on both sides
Multiplying both sides with
This is the equation of parabola
This is quadratic equation in and represents family of
Here vertex is given as:
envelope. Hence its envelope ( ) is given as:
Dividing both sides with
And Latus Rectum is given as:
Dividing both sides with
Thus maximum height (y-component of vertex)
Time of Flight of projectile (time taken to reach to point )
This is the equation of parabola of safety
Put
Here vertex is given as:
Range of projectile (distance from point to point where
)
Horizontal Velocity x Time of Flight
Page 4 of 5
Mechanics
Equations of Projectile on Inclined Plane
Y
P ( x, y )
V0 Range of Projectile up the plane will be maximum if and only
if:
r
y
O x A X
R
Let a particle be inclined at an angle less than Similarly down the plane will be maximum if and only if:
to the horizontal so that its intersection with vertical plane is line
Range of projectile up the plane is defined at non-zero Maximum Range of Projectile is given as:
distance from on line to point ,
where projectile hits inclined plane. Equation of projectile is
given as:
Range
Minimum Range of Projectile is given as:
Time of Flight
It is time taken by projectile to achieve full range of the x co-
ordinate of point, when particle hits plane. Here:
From figure: But , Therefore
Therefore range on inclined plane is given as:
We know that
Put
Therefore Range of Projectile up the plane is given as:
Page 5 of 5
