Rama Krishna

Pahdhce

Homework #2

1) In
analysis of Energy transport ,
the macroscopic motion
of
gas .

if a
gas had both a
gradient of flow velocity
temperature both momentum flux
and
gradient ,
then

heat considered
and
flux are

is
the net
flux

A =

q +
In
¥jeu✗
~
Thomism flux
Netflix

bowing for Momentum transport :

]
.

l÷÷÷÷:D -4mm
" "
:
9
-

through plane 42,0 plane in N

,
direction
§ man

.
velocity gradient
>

Am =
u, T [ where u, is
velocity
in
direction
✗

fire F- punt ✗
dlYn÷ Hm : const .

*
pom
unit ✗
dugu , ftp..mn
T :

pili ✗ dim
fix
Here
recalling F. ie
deign M=
By
↳ viscosity .
 Am =
a.
yd÷m
Solving for fleet transport :

µ ?t¥?fe9 ] ( ]
that flow
.
per
energy through unit area
per
unit time

A- a
=

or

po.nmtB¥vdn
xcvd-zn.ge
q
= -

K
coefficient of Thermal conductivity
-

fourier law
kd€
→

q
-
:

fhufore Energy flux

:
a +
Am

Kdfw Madman
- -
=

,
D considering an ideal
gas of a
single species
Mr . molecular mass
+ =

tuvpuatuu of gas
a) from eq .
5.8 en I Mamoulian distribution is
given
by

" t:-, ' a' cites

]
fcci>
=L; y
-

dt:/ .jo?!TG1fCci)d4dcadcs-.f?f?f?a1LI- k-i

ÉT =

f) 141 f- (a)

"]
] et÷
" "
""
da dude,

f.IE/ jig ,É÷ñ¥ Yet

"

- N
:* ""
as ✗

-
1%72,18
N
de,

-
•

from Appendix
;f%ne
-
an

has solution at no
-

Incas dn a

"2
Iola) .

I (E)
 I"×E¥j
"

-1: "%:c ?
-
:*

f;É]"×f"÷J"×¥E÷]
-

""

=2k÷[;,=g] ,

ñ-¥
b) To calculate 1-41

First -9
evaluating
G- =

:
f Gfcei > dt

I .fi?L?Gfeci7d9dGdG
←

§§§qfCci7dUdbd↳
19-1 a

fT(÷gj"i÷ %%I ñdG§eC% %

-

da ,

I: "aÉ '=F÷ ' .

,
 =(z¥
"

f- ✗
2¥ ✗
2K
=

b- ✗
F¥m =

¥F¥m

i. It I -

f- F¥m
This is
magnitude of value
average of ×, component
.

-
p.TO
3) consider a
large container

T →
Temperature of gas
P → Pressure
of gas
m→ molecular man

n
→ molecular member density

Assumptions :
the is El
wall
of the container
negligibly thick is
-

planar
.

The diameter of hole is smaller than mean

free part .
but

larger than molecular diameter .

a) Let It be molecular
flux through the hole

Here

to flux of molecules arriving at element

obtain an

of
in
area
perpendicular to M q ne axes we use
↳
it
Equation holds
equation q merely replace
the .
3- 1

molecules
good for hole even
for class G

'
is
calculation of flux for n' no
of
.
molecules
given by

A- ±
n
.
!?! ?! czfcci ) dudes dos
 this
Jhufae flux mi is
defined by

nf%ff.sn?Gfki)deGdCadC3 .

Flue G ,
G extended from limit -00 to • where as

extends
only from 0 to as molecules escape
•
↳
.

Using maxwcllian distribution function

e.li?T-ccitci+cis]
fcei ) a

(zY, %
Solving for integration

T.4,7¥fi?Icsf&µ)d4dGdcsdgf?.etF=-%4f?efz7--iiJdcz
•

"
É÷-↳Y
- or

from Appendix solution for integrals are

(? "¥µ¥]*±rñfÉ*÷rtf¥
 III F¥- k¥✗¥*÷Y✗K
✗

k÷T¥-, =

F¥m
i. =
n
Ñ¥m is the molecular
flex through hole .

b) for Ideal gas

law

P .
✓ =
n RT

which can also be written as

P Q -
-

in ☒ T where P → pressure
1- →
Temperature
in ÑT Ñ →

¥
P universal constant
:
gas
pig in → molar
flow rate

A.IE#--ApM-nit-nFIE ]
n

i. in :

This the
expression for man
flow halt
of gas escaping .
4 a)
To calculate molecular momentum
of escaping molecules .

hole have
let each molecule
travelling normal to

momentum
mcz
.

to total flux
momentum is
given by .

Am =
mm ↳ fcei ) dad lads

i
Am =

nnnfo.fi?f?GfCci3dGdcsdcs .

similar to
Assumptions are
previous problem
Solving the
integral ,
which
given average speed G-
1- 7¥44 F' %) ]
l÷%%%
'

:c dqdczd ↳

jé÷iida
" ¥-1
e- Farida
=L:÷5Ise ! #
•

3
→

bowing Integrals as shown in

Appendix .

:#
1*1-+1*1 ←
¥÷ ¥1
"

(÷?
✗
"m= F¥m =¥F,m
 i.
1- me
MF ¥7m in momentum flux of

of molecules
escaping
hole .

4lb) let the direction be

partlet Cn

is
Molecular
flux direction
:
-
in a
partlet

dt
m
-
-
nm ↳ f- Cli )
Solution for this is
given by
•

me um / Caffi ) dt
→

distribution
Using equation
maxwell , turns into

1- m
-
nm
f %2f.zmzz-ifke.tn?-z-ica4G2+gyart
→

towing integral :

Hrc?
cci-cci-gb.la?IIh/E-ife
]
dadcsds

[
" Farci
!%e÷"%uIé÷+
"
e-
-4m¥]
-
da dg
,
.

•
 "(÷÷)"×:×E¥j
"

I:÷I%×÷÷]×
⇐ "

=¥Y×¥÷*×¥i¥T
=

F- ✗

⇐ "=F¥m
•
"
ma mnJÉ¥m is the momentum
flux

partlet to hole .

5) Given a
gas
at temperate T of molecular mais m .

d)
G- in component of
of coordinate
molecular
magnitude
the

velocity partlet to Ct plane

The distribution function which

defines fraction of
molecules in a certain range
is Flci ) which
distribution
is
velocity function .

The
hoof molecules with 4- in the
range 4- to +
G- at
 in
given by
.

door
Nfclil.at .

flue fcci ) it normalized distribution function

fcci )= Fci)/ N

As an
gives
the
fraction of molecules
change
between ↳ U 4- +
dt which are parked to one
of
which is
coordinate
planes Ct .

If niu the number density n= NIV

: .
dn .

nfccidt
molecules
considering
all
it
for
.

Now Naeiouuls all Cte molecules .

.
:
f Nfccidvc = N
-
ao

there dvc
dlno
of
is volume
of element which has
-

molecules .

as

→
fflci)dVc=l → Hence the
integration
is
of the above expression overall molecules
unity
.
 e- Ft
¥
( using maxwdeiau
)
Also fc.lt ) at =

(zingy distribution

✗ (c) >
:
41T
LIED there Immerse
-

b) dd¥ / ii.
Cmp
=D

Cmp :

FIL
tca.GL/--
°

mp
:

G- acct )mp
=

f- m÷%0
It
)mp Ñm
:

"
¢t)mP_
¥=¥ ¥)
i.
.
.

tag -

Cmp µ
E- Ict f- (G) da
.

: .
E- =

Ftm
c- =
C ✗ (c) do

F¥m
 ¥ E÷¥÷ :p
÷
= =

II. § Cf FCC, I
def

"

↳÷ ¥7
E' =

§e 2
✗cc ) d c l

""

3)
""

④ =

"÷ [=F⑤p