Time domain > ict ) vct ) cos /sin

!! ! phasor
=
now
, ,

Freq .
domain hw, ,
I lw )
, phasor domain Review in phase
S domain

( ñ%%rad
n Resistor
Frequency Response KW) • vcf ,

Ex .
100L -10° → 100 Cos ( Wt -
10° )

V Vm sin wt Vm
V

+0rad

EEE111 Electric Circuit Analysis i= = = sin wt = I m sin wt

R R R
Anawach Sangswang
Dept. of Electrical Engineering n For a purely resistive element, the voltage
KMUTT
across and the current through the element
Complex number 8<0 polar
are in phase, with their peak values related by
→
→

/ ↳ Ohm’s law
atbj rectangular →

taint jo 2

re r[cos jsino ) → exponential

→ =
+

qinñÑunÑÑñbO7 V
Review ref
Review
btw .

I > V

n Inductor n Capacitor dvC

¥ iC = C
dt
Dining guidon
IT 1290°
j
=

lsinwt )
=

Ms
diL
vL = L j
? -

l = 12180°
dt nÑ7WgÑu inductor bboirsoov i
Try iL = I m sin wt ✓ "R n Try vC = Vm sin wt ,
n
f- f- ¥ ✗
j 1L gj V2 ZR
= - = -
:

d d
(Vm sin wt ) = wCVm cos wt = I m sin(wt + 90)
sin
vL = L ( I m sin wt ) = w LI m cos wt = Vm sin(wt + 90) iC = C
-

dt dt
cos
1 1
> cos
+ 90°
A 1 XC = =-j
X L = wL jX L = jw L (Ohm, Ω) XC = (Ohm, Ω)
v wC jwC wC
gin 3 4
2 : impedance rtjx
t : resistance →

g-
-

J : conductance =

✗ : reactance • b.
¥
:
svsceptance Y : admittance -
-

E
:

g
+
jb
 Frequency Effects Transfer Function
qi 1
L=ѵA
X L = wL XC = n What is Frequency Response of a Circuit?
b oonIwgNnsswÑf1nn wC
↳ Itf
Tunis flow n “Variation in a circuit’s behavior with change
in signal frequency and may also be
considered as the variation of the gain and
phase with frequency”
IV
ÑMMmsVU7U Iv
/
n Summary Isv Gain 2 zov

Gain
to
← output
Y(w ) Yip time
H(w ) = = | H(w ) | Ðf
X(w ) input
[
←

* rn-Jmsbvrfuwbbdnobbrinioonohrooo.TO on
5 6
transfer function

Transfer Function RC Circuit

n Four possible transfer functions: n For the RC circuit shown below, R

> -2
obtain the transfer function Vocal
I

V (w ) V (w )
Vo/Vs and its frequency Vslw) jwc

H(w ) = Voltage gain = o H(w ) = Transfer Impedance = o ¥

Vi (w ) Ii (w ) response. Given that vs = Vmcosωt. Vo .

Vs R
-1¥

Y(w )
H(w ) =
X(w )
= | H(w ) | Ðf n The transfer function is

Y V20 1 ñgivxjwc
>
V20
V jw C 1
H(w ) = Current gain =
I o (w )
H(w ) = Transfer Admittance =
I o (w ) H(w ) = o = =
Ii (w ) Vi (w ) Vs R + 1/ jw C 1 + jw RC

7
it 8

¥j÷%=
1- JWRC
✗

itjcorc it @ rot
 msn.niukkinbnvixtsnas.lu
low freq
RC Circuit RC Filter y
.
pass

* """ " "" " ""

Wo '

Rtc
Low-pass filter

?
n The magnitude n

H (w ) =
1
1 + (w / wo ) 2
fy ,

n The phase w
f = - tan -1
wo n Frequency response

n Cutoff frequency (ω0)

n @ω= ω0, H = 0.707 and φ = -45˚
n Note: high frequency signal is attenuated
he Norman 9
↳
10
fc
>

Wo :
21T

RL Circuit RL Circuit
w
n Obtain the transfer function R n The phase f = Ð90° - tan -1
wo
Vo/Vs of the RL circuit on the
Vo
right, assuming vs = Vmcosωt. jwl
n Note1: high frequency signal
Sketch its frequency response Vs yo jwl

v5
:

has no problem appearing at

n Transfer function Rtjlol
the output terminals
n Let ω0 = R/L
V jw L 1
L
n Note2: the phase angle starts from 90 degrees
H(w ) = o = =
Vs R + jw L 1 + R and reduces as the frequency increases
jw L

n The magnitude H(w ) =

1
wo 2
1+ ( )
w
11 12
Example 14.2 Logarithm
n Calculate the gain n Want to find x from 1200 = 10x
I o (w ) / I i (w ) and x = log10 1200 = 3.079
↳ 1-
its poles and zeros ↳ 0 -

sjw
n The above logarithm is taken to the “base 10”
n The transfer function 2jW Check: 103.079 = 1200
I o (w ) 4 + j 2w jw 0.5(4 + jw 2) Natural logarithm: base e = 2.7138
= =
I i (w ) 4 + j 2w + 1/ j 0.5w 1 + jw 2 + ( jw ) 2
-

n Applications
n Let s = jω *
zeros =
S Convorbiri 7=0
,
-2

I o (w ) s ( s + 2) poles -
ñÑÑÑoñou → or = sites-11=0
= 2
.

I i (w ) s + 2s + 1 →
'
a
(5+1) s> -
I

13 14

Decibels
→ button transfer func llriiowñnn,
Power gain
.

n
q Two levels of power can be compared using a unit
of measure called the “bel” Power output
✓
ftoheP
log
bet -
B = log 2 10 input (bels)
1B 10dB P1
←

n Decibel (dB) →

P2
q 1 Bel = 10 dB dB = i
10 log10 (decibels, dB)
P1
P2
q P2 = 2P1 dB = 10 log10 = 10 log10 2 = 3dB
P1

Semilog graph P
qP2 = 10P1 dB = 10 log10 2 = 10 log10 10 = 10dB
P
@10 times: the power gain1is the same as dB
15 16
Human Auditory Response Decibels: Reference Level
n For communication systems
q Pref @ 1 mW (across a 600-Ω load)
n The human ear does not
respond in a linear
fashion to changes in
source power level n dB meter
n A change from 5 W to 10
W will be received by the V = PR
ear as the same change
in sound intensity as = (1mW)(600W) = 0.775V
experienced from 1/2 W
to 1W dB = 10log10 P2 / P1
= 10log10 (1mW /1mWref ) = 0dB
17 18

, Bo -
dei * bÑÑ8Ñubn&ooÑon9meoosos
p
Voltage Gain Bode Plots A Ñ7Ñn,
onion 1 IOBÑW

n Compare voltage levels n The curves obtained for the magnitude and/or
P2 V2 /R
phase angle versus frequency are called “Bode
dB = 10log10 = 10log10 22 2 plots” polar exponential
P1 V1 / R1
V 2 /V 2 æV ö
2
R
n A transfer function H = H Ðf = H e jf
☐
= 10log10 2 1 = 10log10 ç 2 ÷ - 10log10 2
R2 / R1 è V1 ø R1 n Taking the natural logarithm d- ake In

n With R1 = R2 ln H = ln H + ln e jf = ln H + jf ←
degree

n In Bode plot, we use the I

gain vs. frequency
V2 H dB = 20log10 H
dBv = 20 log10
V1 n And the phase (φ) vs. frequency

19 20
 4tjw ④ I -1¥ )
2010g / Hit
oh >

simple Zeros dB=

nmuw-wgaincl-ijq.ir/+jW,s--jw
in :UMmw standard form

Bode Plots Bode Plots gain

µ
-24T€
Ex Han
Consider a standard form of transfer function Constant term K
-

Quadratic
-

n n
Zero

K ( jw ) ±1 (1 + jw / z1 ) éë1 + j 2V 1w / wk + ( jw / wk )⑤
v.

The magnitude is 20 log10 K log 2 constant

2
ùû ! q 20 →

* H (w ) = *
q The phase is 0˚
(1 + jw / p1 ) éë1 + j 2V 2w / wn + ( jw / wn )G-
2
ùû !
quadratic
n For –K 98m£ YÑÑ9ñion Magnitude minion urinating 188
n This consists of >
simple pole pole
,
log
q A gain K ✓
Zeros poles q The magnitude remains the same
I

q A pole or zero at the origin →

( jw)
'
> ( jwi
'
q The phase is ± 180˚
q A simple pole or zero
q Quadratic poles or zeros
n Each plot can be constructed separately and pidgins Magnitude
added graphically ski phase
21 f- ¥ 22
w→f
-

Bode Plots > phase 90° Bode Plots

Magnitude (
onions Nominator )

Zero at origin ( jw ) Édogllo) Simple zero (1 + jw / z1 )

,

n n
iii. no
q The magnitude is 20 log10 ω q Magnitude H dB = 20log10 1 + jw / z1 jw < < 1

n
q The phase is 90˚
Pole at origin ( jw )-1 "
20log10 1 = 0
w ←
1MW
w ®0
Worse 21,102 ,
jjq.no/jw >> a

uw 20 log10 w ®¥ (Slope = 20dB/decade)

q The magnitude is - 20 log10 ω z1
Corner frequency ω = z1
The phase is -90˚ J ! go
.

q
2010gal
2010g / ltjl
-

? d.
B Deviation at corner
(
• .

20log10 1 + j1 ! 3dB
V
\

n Simple pole
mi decadent
, -2010GW q The magnitude has slope = -20dB/decade
q Corner frequency ω = p1
23 -1 24
( tjwp ) ,
,
slope odor
Bode Plots Bode Plots ' Quadratic pole
65
Simple zero (1 + jw / z1 ) ì0, w =0 Quadratic pole
=g.
n n I
q Phase f = tan (w / z1 ) = ïí45! , w = z1
-1 q Magnitude HdB -20log 10 1 + j 2V 2w / wn + ( jw / wn )
2

ï ! ì0, w ®0
î90 , w ® ¥ ï qnrnloosi.fi
H dB =í w order
gorgon
ï -40 log , w ®¥
î
10
w →

iwrn-ionfjwq.fr
> = n thrums Joann
slope "

ìf " 0, w £ z1 /10 ! Corner frequency ω = ωn Pohang

ï ,

q Straight-line approximation íf " 45! , w = z1 Asymptotic lines

q With slope 45˚ per decade ïîf " 90! , w ³ 10 z1 1) zero slope for ω < ωn
2) – 40 dB/decade ω > ωn
n Simple pole: the phase has a slope of -45˚ per
decade nÑwÑ7bbm→Ñ ( D 51
"

i
'

I
f
'

25 26
'

\ ; Quadratic
nqnr%ÑOb
Zero

qbfwiiswasbwsi.nu?ERn4
\
d) ,

I
I

Bode Plots Example ÑOUOonUasrns{

jw + 10 1011-1%-7
n Quadratic pole ì0, w =0 n Obtain the Bode plots for H(w ) = →

a- 2V w / w ï jw ( jw + 5)2 2-bjwci-j.IT
q Phase f = - tan -1 2 n
= í-90! , w = wn
1 - (w / wn ) ï
2 n Solution: Putting H(ω) into a standard form
î-180 , w ® ¥
! RT
0.4 (1 + jw /10 )
→
simple zero

H(w ) =
•

jw (1 + jw / 5)2 ~
, quadratic pole
↳ pole at origin

The magnitude is obtained as

•

n
-8dB
=
jw jw
•
H dB = 20 log10 0.4 + 20 log10 1 + - 20 log10 jw - 40 log10 1 +
10 5
n Quadratic zero: both magnitude and phase n The phase is given as
are inverted w w
f = 0! + tan -1 - 90! - 2 tan -1
bwsninÑñn5
1

nñvoinwniovwsnñu phase (D) 10 5

27 28
Example at wish
Example
pole simple
g / zero

2o
On
t
I
,

'

.
I
,

t -20-40
1

i
[ Quadratic
✓
pole
-40+20

29 30
60765621022720 nÑW impostors

>>g = tf([1 10],[1 10 25 0])

Transfer function:
s + 10
-------------------
s^3 + 10 s^2 + 25 s Bode Diagram
20
>>bode(g)
0
Magnitude (dB)

-20

-40

-60

-80
-90
Phase (deg)

-135

-180
-1 0 1 2
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
31