Chapter 15 .

Oscillations

•
Oscillatory motion : is a
repetitive motion back and •
Amplitude ( Xm or A) : the object's maximum

forth around an
equilibrium position .
desplacement from equilibrium .

(A)
Amplitude
⇐
•
Example of SHM : ✗ it) = Xmcoslwt -10)

>
a mass
oscillating on a
spring .

T
wiangular frequency )= 217T

2117
> pendulum w=
f=¥,
The velocity is when ✗ =IXm
.

Zero
B.

system with linear

Any a
restoring
-2¥ (2-1,1+10)
> -
*•vma× when ⇐0
Vxlt)=d±= Sin
force dt

=2ñffA Sin (2211-1-1-+0)

=
-
wxmsinlwt -10)

Vmax = WXM velocity amplitude

-1017
)=doY¥= dfwxmsinlwt
act

= - W'✗ mcoslwt -10)

am = -
WZXLT) acceleration
amplitude
• Oscillators :
Objects that undergo a repetitive
V=±wFÉx
motion back and forth around an
equilibrium
position .

•• In SHM
,
the acceleration
proportional to a is

Period (T)
• : The time to complete one full
cycle or one the displacement ✗ but opposite in sign and ,

oscillation .
the two
quantities are related by the Square
of the
angular frequency w .

•
frequency (f) The number of
:
cycles per second ,

measured in Hz .

* The Force Law For Simple Harmonic motion :

f-
¥
= or 1- = I F = ma = m 1- WH) = -
LMWYX
f ,
'

(
, 9B¥
T
-

/ i
,
The minus that the direction of
it ! sign means

the force on the particle is opposite the

Second 151
.

1 HZ /
Cycle
.

\
= direction of the displacement of the particle
per
= ,
-

-
_☒☒

In SHM the force force

,
is a
restoring in the

sense that it
fights against the displacement
to restore the particle to the Center
attempting
point at ✗ =o .

simple harmonic motion is the motion of a particle when

the force it is proportional to the particle 's
acting on

displacement but in the opposite direction

The block called linear simple harmonic oscillator

•
spring system is a
-

F- =
-
KX f- =
-
( mut) ✗
,

Kmt
÷
-1k * =
+ ( mut) *
T= 21T W =

= MWZ

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 .
simple harmonic motion
*
Energy in :

* Pendulum
•
Energy is conserved in simple harmonic motion • a
simple pendulum e : a bots of mass m suspended from
uinstrechable massless
an
, string .

the forces the bob

acting
• on are :

↳ force F from the

string .

↳• force Ég
the
gravitational
resolve Ig

Fg Sin Q
Fg
OV
Cos

tangent to the path

taken by the bob

Produces a
restoring torque about the pendulum 's pivot Point

because the component always acts opposite the displacement

of the bob so as to bring the bob back toward its central location -

qsaq
LB
the acts to reduce 0
> minus sign -
:
toraque .

Potential of linear oscillator The kinetic I = -

L ( Fg 8in -0) L the moment of
Fg Sino
energ energy
arm
> :

about the pivot point

I
.

depends on how much

Its value Its value depends on how
the stretched or compressed
spring is
fast the block is the Pendulum 's rotational inertia
moving > I :

( ( Sino ) I✗ angular acceleration

Mg
-
= ✗ :

that is ,
on vctl .

UCH
=IzkÑ=£kXmco5(wt -1011 ⑥

kltl-1-zmvEI-zkxmsintwt.to/)V=+wfFx ✗ = -
MFL
I
① .

equation of angular
equivalent .

"
The mechanic le
energy :
(k -

-9*8^87
- -

The
== B* angular acceleration ✗ of the

U Pendulume is proportional to the

E = + K
angular displacement 0 but opposite
=
.... . .
.

=
tzkxm [coszcwt -10 +8in lwt -101]
of small
•
Angular amplitude 0m the motion must be

cost + Sink =L

MIL
"
E = Ut k =
§ Kim
•
Angular frequency : w =

I
• Period : 1- = 21T
mgl

The mechanical
energy a of linear oscillator is • (for simple pendulum ,
small amplitude I=mL3
indeed constant and independent of time .

HE
-1=2-11
Iggy = 21T
nxgk

* An
Angular simple harmonic oscillator :
*
1- = 21T
kg
• A torsion pendulum : elasticity from a
twisting wire .

"
harmonic motion
angular simple
"
-
*
-

Moves in .

It is called the torsion constant

I =
-
k ⑦ to depends on the
length ,
diameter
and material of the suspension
wire .

-1=2
-11T¥
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?⃝
• The
physical pendulum : has a
complicated mass distribution .
•
Simple harmonic motion and
Uniform circular motion
Difference between physical pendulum and simple pendulum :

for
pendulum Fg simple harmonic of uniform circular
* physical the
restoring component sin -0 • motion is the
projection
of the gravitational forces has a moment arm of distance h motion on a diameter of the circle in which the circular

about L
the pivot point ,
tether than of string length .
motion occurs .

Position : ✗ (t) = ✗ m cos ( wt -10)

velocity : vet) = -
wxmsinlwt +0)
acceleration : act/ = -
Wim cos (wt +0)

•
Damped simple harmonic motion

1- = 21T I
**F when the motion of an oscilator is reduced by an external
mgh '
force the oscillator and its motion are
damped
r
,

I is not
simply ME ( it depends on the shape of the
physical -B•
with time the mechanical of the
,
energy system
pendulum ) but it is still proportional to m .

decreases is transferred to thermal

as
energy
energy .

Measuring g - - - -
* in
]h=¥
force ( FT )
Damping
as
Icom -_ ME **
→

a
Fd = -
bv
'
I = Icom + mh
=
Emt +
MÑ Ed opposes *
•

damping b constant
E
¥ ME -1m¥
= the motion depends on the

characteristic of
=
tgml
both the Vane and

1- = 21T I the
liquid CSI unit :
kgls)
mgh B. Damped oscillations
1-2--47
mtgh 1-
Zmgh = YTFI
4171 Fnet
-12mg EL =
,✗
= Max

g.
= 811-2--1 I
=§mt -
bv -
Kx = ma
-12mL
ma - BV - KX =O

9-
8¥mj[ § HE mdd¥+bd✗_ + kx -0
-

dt
/2m
= 8TH ✗ (t) ✗ mébt cos Cait -10)
g
=

2
3
1-

✗m : the amplitude
angular frequency
'
w the of

-11¥
:

b- ☒ É
7=2
mgh
= 21T
nxgigl
=
21T
2-3 § the clamped oscillator .

of Ñ

Éo
=
1€ -
If the
damping constant is small but not
2
m
41M Zero So that b⇐TkÑ ,
then w'=w
,

mass does not affect

the period of pendulum .

Bushra Alatri
 -098^3 Damped energy Resonance approximately
: the condition at which
the displacement amplitude Xm of the oscillations

is
'
btlm greatest .

Ect)
§ kxzm e-
=

The displacement amplitude of an oscillator

the mechanic le
energy depends on the
angular frequency wa of

decreases exponentially the

driving force .

with time .

•• Time
required for mechanical energy depends less
damPi^9
and IMO taller
Upon ratio blm independent in 1€ givesnarrower
smaller ratio slow hey
energy dissipate
need more time
and
A larger ratio
faster energy dissapaie .
need less time
yegONÑ&
peak .

• forced oscillations and resonance

→ Two
angular frequecies are associated
with a system
undergoing driven
oscillations :

1) the natural angular frequency w

of the system ,
which is the

angular frequency at which

it would oscillate if it were

disturbed and then

suddenly
left to oscillate
freely
2) the
angular frequency wa of
external
the
driving force causing
the driven oscillator .

✗It) = Xm Cos ( Wat +0)

How
large the displacement amplitude ✗m is

depends on a complicated function of iwd and w

The amplitude of the oscillations

velocity Vm is

easier to describe it is when

:
greatest
Wd = W

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