Waves 3

By
Shyam Mohan Bhaiya
 #

2=100 Hz
-1A
Y logo)
.

c=f÷¥= 10045
-
.

#,t)=A£Wknt/
Let
w -

2*0=2
WI

az,
=.cKH¥mEo ¥¥%r
"'
( o
,

#
-

y lo ,
o ) = A = A Sin Co -
ot
00=1172

If =
-
sit ⇐ A- Cos @¥ -

otoh)

STT = A Grot)Gs( Beath)

zo§
025M .

A o -

= =
 e- @ x

S l S

x
I
!
←

✓ !
✓ A-
Slope .

Conuptofpree
is
Longitudinal wares .

Graph of Slag to) versus N is given .

slope in this graph e-

2£ =
volume strain
of tangent
p= -

Basse =
-
B (shote ) -

taffeta
ward Htt
"

¥z =
-

c
2£ just like transverse
22 c
IT
-

=
of .

Cunnane strain)
Vp =
;
c
-0 : Right travelling
= c ( slope of tangent in

) left Earwig
-

+ e- a graph .

At C, Shifu is
having
"
mum
negative value .

D= -

B (slope ) =
-

B
( Max -
Ove ) = max -

value
① re
.

P Pm at C Compression
one
= .

ax
- .
 Concept of Pressure in Longitudinal waves .

(
#

SOUND )
-

s×
,

.
an .

Layers 4 to G- are oscillating 11 to wave motion

aby Xaxis
'

C -
e - .

which coordinate
coordinate ?
is oscillating
Let u = coordinate of mlan-posil.im of a

lager .

oscillation
A- = amplitude of of layer .

EI? :& Drea

-
instantaneous coordinate if - - -
-

oscillates 6-
eager L
.

A and att
between a .
-
-

→ at A
-
-

- -
.

at too
7. ? ? = Asin Cra -

)
↳ this is wish .
coordinate from mean
position .

Let it be S ( dit )
text &
.

Rex

Yea:µ÷
.

"
-

scat ) = A Sintra -
Wtt '
i

. g ,
-

A E SETA o , 's
. . - -
- In H .

k
position
net coordinate from origin 0 →

a- A
- at A
=
sets
"
=
Kmt Asinlksemwttolo ) .
 velocity =f¥=-AwCos(
Particle for Layer) Ka -
att

( stoking!
a transverse wares
Meaning of 2% a
0%
-

.
-

Lz
which
Consider 2
layers -

are
extremely close area A
-

o
-
.

at mean coordinates →

da
K and set da .

✓ Anne enclosed
= A da
layers
'
kttween
when there is no ware
Let
.

L, be at distance
position
'
at
S from its mean
any
us

&
"

Lz be shifted Stds from :

newvnnme
its mean position .

M
i
t
m
:
i =A(datd↳
L 4 4-
Lz
Increase Separation between
,
in →
→
- -

S
L, and Le Stds .

=
displacement if Lz -

dip of.
L,

=
(Stds) -

S = des .

Increase in volume = dV= Ads .

Add
Volume strain at this location a =
d =

Adn

=
DI
da
As we are
calculating at a time iusltt

volume strain = 21
2K
 ELASTICITY P
B p: change in
-

.
=

q
-

pressure .

p
dye
B Bad
Bf
-

=
c
-

= =
.

2k

pca.tl Bff pieds

-

= =
-

2x

plait ) =
-

Sik A- Cos ( Rose wttolo) -

plait) =p CWA Gs (ka -

wt too)

Pressure Amplitude = Max'm variation in

pressure at any given se .

Pma×=fcwA f= density in medium

in absence
of ware .

I= 2TWAYc (f- e. gbm -

density ) .

=tzwAYc
Pmztax
I .

= 29C

Dmax -
Ec

eewacoscra-ar.to/dw!wTIsEoII7gD
Ha tf A- Singa at too ) when S o
-
-

= -

Haiti = -
 Superposition of Waves
what happens when two wares overlap ( or interfere)
combine
or or
superimpose
with each other .

Ha t) =L In H t Yin t) (algebgaaimc
L L
,
,
,

d
,

)
net
effect .
wave I ware 2

Up faith
=

Vape t Yz
↳
giddy I
given by 2 .

__÷÷E__¥YIFma
resultant
of two .

=
. .
. . .
. . .

pulses having opposite

F.
shapes .

1k€
I'm .

At? pulse choke)

-

1 is
giving Down WARD vebhity . Ye -
Atp .
pulse 2
is
giving DOWNWARD retort .
Up =
tccsloa)

aim A B .
stay shape

velocities
of rope particles
wi Ifi AB of overlap
m .
Stationary Waves are set up when two wares
of same

opposite
frequency &
wavelength but moving
overlap or combine .

¥
FEZ .

y la ,H= A- Sitka
,
-
at) Caliendo octgqy.de) -_

Tda ,
t) = Asin ( Ratna)

9, tbz
Ynet Hit
) =

t)
Asin ( ka wut) t Asinlratwty
y la
-

=
,

2A Sink Cos art

Ylngtl
.

Y la ,H= 2A Sin
2t¥ Cos
2¥
⇐ Rental) is not present wi a collective
frm
and 't
u have got separated
ku . .

yea ,
ttot ) t y ( a- cot ,
t)
.

new ware shape at sec later will NOT be

a shifted Hersi m
of earlier shape by cot.

ware
shape or pattern or photo is NOT
shifting .

it can NOT be called travelling wave .

D. tri called STATIONARY(standing wave .

 pictures diff
Let draw at instants
us
photos .

-2=0 YC7H=2A£i2t Cor 2¥ .

=
Y (a ,o)=2Afinkn
'

to .

y la , Ak Sin
E- He =

7=174 g ( Nq -1/47=0 for all K -

all particles
-2=348 Jla ,3 passing are

= -

Arsinoe thsnfhmeanpos .

Ya -42 ), = -
2A Sinks .

I.AE# rest
"

t=o
-2A
-

Fut
- -
-

oo-o-o-z.EE#.o .

5£) Absinthe t=3Tq ,

- - -
-

y la
.
-

=
,

517g .

up If 2A Sinkafwcginwt )
-_
= .

= -2 Aw Sanka Shut .

At -1=0
,
upto for all .
 :Iin
qts
.

Y Cti = A Sindt too,

y = Acn ) Sin ( att th)
= .

we can think that panicles located

at diff k are oscillating with diff .

amplitudes .

what is
-
happening at neo .

panicle .

2ASin 140 Court

Y y lo ,
t) =

dont = O at all
=
time t .

Origin particle is at rest permanently

2)
"¥"
At

: ::÷¥n¥.am
9
.

.
ox.li
a-
:

9. tuk oscillating
with amplitude 2A .
3) At a- Ht ycnitt-2A-finzaco.at .

- x

y ( Iz ,t)= 2A
Sin
If Got

= 0 Cont = o at all
time
this
.

particle 's
e also at rest

In general all particles at a -_

nz
at rest
are
permanently .

locals
Such
.ms/pariticles NODES are .

-9in
general all particles at ?e=
odd
Hq .

are
oscillating with amplitude 2A .

Such particles having @ Anka -11) .

Max .

amplitude 2A are called ANTI NODES .

÷÷÷:÷÷
""
N

""
Ko n=I
2
n k¥27 a-
4?

I
 ih
E - o

E- The
Fog
⇐
bopping cop
+
Pbtfomexteme extreme t .
No
KEIedn.am
all d- extremes
.

4
t No PE in medium
all
having
at mean
maxke
.
 Stationary waves on a tight string

distance between consecutive nodes = 7/2

Cor antinode )
distance Between a N and next A =
714 .

Nodes & Antinode alternate with eachother

NAN A NAN

A- Sinica -

my

¥=←oF ←

Asinlkatnt)
string fixed
at A- and B
m

F- tension in string
Nodes : a=nH2 .

F-
Mg .

Antinode : a- odd 7/4

.

As fixed
'

A and B are points in

string , they
more Hence
can NOT they are NODES
.

the miu-bossible.ly
DION
N
& anti nodes .

B
A l -

length of
<e string .

are
u
=E=Ie=÷efIm .

called fundamental
This is
of vibration
mode
and V is called fundamental frequency .
 Possible modes of Vibration .

¥gfnT¥d mode .

%=Iefz .

I c-
2
loops .

x is
=L
halved
are
V
.

n' doubled
42
.

=eE=2(Ee )
u =
=
20"
,
X decreases =
U increases .

7
'

x.sees Hrd
u sets 38
half of wavelength .

%=
# TIM ppgossib.es -_
{ dog 3200
, 300,48 I - -

are integral multiples of Oo .

nth harmonic → n
loops
noo
= .

→
@ ti ) Nodes .

n antinode .

frequencies above fundamental are called overtones .

Do 200 300 4%500 ' '

'

ph overtone =
# ti ) Vo L
fundamental
 Sin
b- 60cm
1=4 cos 96 at
Iff
.

N N N N N

#¥##
k=
It's a omen .

ACN '-2ASinkr
↳ = 96T =
#u 2=48×2
Sink
.

= 4
'5

?
a) A- (a=5cm)
4k¥15 ) 2B
= - -
-
.

b) 4S 9¥n=nt
;y¥=o
.

A -_ o

a-
0,15 30,45
c) ,
-

d) use 2SinAhnD= Si CAT - + ANCA -

B) .

here
as we 5 Nodes , Stig has 428
4th harmonic . fegaenq .
 fundamental l=O -
5 m

Wwii Vo
.

2A
m= 5×10 -3kg
I =2Ntk
a) T = Goon
= = .
.

ze

b) a- Hoo Ha possible ? ?
⇐

E=fF¥%=
u = n Vo =
⇐ 200 m/s .

Not
Hoo = now) n =
-5.541 posable .

I oooo = n Vo n = 50 .

He can hear 50 Vo .

5000--617700
hear aptoyghovgpue
.

He can
'

D= 49
.

- .