◦+ b

Tab
Inequality .
1) a. bao .
then ≤
2
Also ,

Cor a . .
- - -

, an ≥ 0 .
then
ltmsuplxn) =
inf { v1 ✗n ≥ V
for finitely many new ] .

rican an] ltminflxn) v1 for finitely

sup { new ]
≤ ✗n ≤ V
many
an + =
a.
- -
. . _
.

(Pf by induction) Thm

"
2) × > -1 ( Itn ) ≥ It n ✗ TFAE

1)
limsup (Xn) =x
Def / imlxn) ✗ V-E > 0 KEN K→ /✗ /
× < {
7- n >
2) too
finite of infi of
= :
n
-

, , .

num new sit . ✗+ [ < ✗n , . num .

-1hm lbkl .
then limlbn ) =
0 ns.t .
X -
E < ✗n

Def bounded in) :

V-nc-N.HN ≤ M 3) ✗ =
inffsuplxmlm ≥n } 1 new } =
limlsnplxm / man ] )
2?
-1hm (Xn) bounded 4)
of Hn)
converges
→ cxn) .
S the set
of sub
sequential limit , then ✗ =
sups
-1hm if ✗n ≤ then limcxn) limcyn) Thm (Xn) bounded
yn ≤ .
,

(Xn)
convergent limsupcxn) =
liminfcxn) .

-1hm
if Xn→x .
then lxnl → 1×1

Tha if Xn→x .
.
xn ≥ ◦ , then ☒ → if Cauchy Criterion

( lemma :
× ,

y > ◦ . lrx ryl -

≤
FEI .

Def .
(Xn) Cauchy : for > 0 , 7- HEN , m > n >H → / Xm xnl - < E.

Thm Xn > 0 .
¥! → Lcl .
xn < o Thm Hm converges in) Cauchy .

) rn

)
( PI then ✗¥-n 1-
"

/
7- rat . [ < rat .
-
L < r -
L .
Note : It . . -
+ rn =

Mt - " + rn
"

=
¥rn
Thm (Xn) monotone then (Xn) in) bounded i r
converge
-

>

☒ :
in
increasing .
L= sup . L -
E < Xk ≤ ✗n < Lts ten > K .
Def (Xn) contractive if 7- C C- ( o , 1) sit .

/ Xmz -
✗ neil ≤ C / Xnti -
✗ nl for ten c- IN .

Thm limlxn) =
× .
( Xnk ) a
subsef Then .
limcxnk ) = × .
Thm (Xn) contractive → ( Xn) Cauchy
Crt link# time #
EI ( show note : then
for
(
& b.) m> n contractile

1.)
Sef
mono
converge
=
. .
, .

limkñl = I
/ Xm -
Xn / ≤
, -
'
c
/ ✗ nu -

xnl ≤ , 1×2 -
×,

Tests for TFAE

divergence :

1) limlxn) ≠ ×
Def limln) =D :
taek , 7- KEN , n> K→ in >a .

2) 7- Eo > 0 , t KEN . 7- n > K and / in -

✗ 1 ? So limfxn) = -00 :
f✗E 7- KEN , ,
A >K → ✗n <✗ .

3) 7- So and
swbsefcxnk ) sit link I We (Xn) properly divergent
≥ Eo
say
> ◦ a .
-
✗ . .

Thm (Xn) and unbounded

Criteria for divergence monotone →

if one of the following holds :

XD properly divergent .

(Xn) unbounded Thm K then

a) in ≤
yn.tn ≥ ,

b) 7- 2
convergent snbsef w/ diff . limit . ① Iim Hnl =D → km (
yn) =p

then (Xn) diverges ③ Itm ( )

yn
=
-

n → tim Cxn) = -
N

has rid
Lemma
Every seq . a monotone subseq .
¥ .
properly die
for c> I

-1hm
^

Every bounded
Sef .
has a
convergent subseq .
rid =
in Clt b)

Thm (Xn) bounded .

=
in ( l+nb+ʳ¥b't . _ .
)

'

¥
convergent subseq Hnk)
b
Xnk → × for any .
≥ ,
which tends to .

✗n → × . Thm xn ,
yn > o , if limn ) =L > 0 . then (
yn) p . d. (✗ rip - d.

Def limsupxn =

limsupfxmlm ≥n
} Series
n→o n -3N
Thin Ixn convergent
.
limcxn =o

liminf in = Iim
n-soinffxmlms.nl .
F-I.IM converges
Irl < I
n→o

-1hm Ixn if
Converges V-E > ◦ . 7- H ,
man > H

Fact (Xn) bounded /✗ (

→

limsup & liminf exist + Xm / < E. nut

Cauchy crit )
- "
.

PI .
( supfxmlm > n }) decreasing bounded Sef .
Thm in ≥o .
Ixn
converges Sn bounded ,
and
Ixn =

sup { Sn } .

Dyadic Decamp . I n't converges for p> 1 .

Thm 0 ≤ xn ≤
yn for n ≥ K .
then

Ixn
①
diverges → I yn
diverges
③ I yn converges → I xn
converges .

Thm Xn ,
yn > 0 . Iim ( %-) =L .

① 2 Ixn
> ◦
,
then
converges Iyn converges
2=0 then 2- Ixn
③ ,
yn converges converges

Limits & Function

Def S ≤ ☒ ,
a c- ☒ , a is a c.
p of.
S :
t 8>0 . 7- ✗ ES St .

◦ < IX -
a 1<8

Thin A is in s 7- Cxn) ≤ S ✗ n≠a and Xn→a

.
c.
p .
,
.

Def a is
cp . in S .

f :S → ☒ .

fifa fix) =L means

b- { 70 . 7- 830 S.t. b- ✗ C- S and otx ales -

/ fix) Ll -
< E.

-1hm
f :S -3112 . a is
c.p.in S . LER .

¥7kfix =L tin) ≤ s . ✗ rita . / imlxn) = a ,

limlfcxni) =L .

COI .
Xn ≤ s Ifa ] .
limen) = a .

fi afcxit-Lz@lim-fcxnHDNE-4IYafcxiDnE.ThmfI.m
① limcfcxn)) ≠ L

fun =L , then

①
fcx ) bounded on Vc =
( c- 8 .
cts )
for some 8

② L to
fix -1-0 for b- ✗ C- Valle} for some 8

③ L > 0
fix 70
for V- ✗ C- KIK] for some 8 .

Thin fig ,h A → Pt C is in A.
p
:
. c. .

tf fix > ≤
gun
≤ hex ]

then
¥%f ≤
¥¥g ≤
¥1k"