Applications of Laplace

Transform
EEE111 Electric Circuit Analysis

Anawach Sangswang
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
KMUTT
Convolution 69 @ÑnÑM@n Control system

The convolution of 2 signals consists of time-

reversing one of the signals, shifting it and
multiplying it point by point with the second
signal and integrating the product > Convolute
2nd signal A)
✓
y (t ) x( )h(t )d y (t ) x(t ) h(t )
I
1st
signal
HTT res verse

The convolution process is commutative:

y (t ) x(t ) h(t ) h(t ) x(t )

y (t ) x( )h(t )d h( ) x(t )d

2
Convolution
2 original signals to be convolved: x1(t) vs. x2(t)

time domain

Reflect and shift

st axis
variable while t
is a constant

Danny Domain
☐
" was ÑnñiNs 1- Ño9ñÑoÑñ 3
Convolution
Regions of integration y (t ) x1 (t ) x2 ( )d
0 < t < 1 (no overlap)

y (t ) x1 (t ) x2 (t )
x1 (t ) x2 ( )d
0
Tox , (1--7) Robot
1 < t < 2 (overlap from 1 to t)

y (t ) x1 (t ) x2 ( )d
t
(2)(1)d 2(t 1)
1

4
Convolution
2 < t < 3 (completely overlap)

t
y (t ) (2)(1)d 2 t (t 1) 2
t 1

3 < t < 4 (overlap between (t-1) and 3)

3
y (t ) (2)(1)d 2 3 (t 1) 8 2t
t 1

5
Convolution
t >4
y (t ) 0

enonrouoorog
Combine all Graphical
0 0 t 1 convolution

2t 2 1 t 2
y (t ) 2 2 t 3
8 2t 3 t 4
0 t 4

6
 Convolution: Laplace Transform
t
Recall f (t ) f1 (t ) f 2 (t ) f1 ( ) f 2 (t )d
-
- 0
Claim:

¥""
F (s) L f1 (t ) f 2 (t ) F1 ( s ) F2 ( s ) "
"" "" "

Since Convolute n%iomgnÑw

s s
F1 ( s ) f1 ( )e d F1 ( s ) F2 ( s ) f1 ( ) F2 ( s )e d
- 0 a- 0 -

Time shift property

F2 ( s )e s
L f 2 (t )u (t ) f 2 (t )u (t )e st dt
- -
0
-

This gives us
F1 ( s ) F2 ( s ) f1 ( ) f 2 (t )u (t )e st dt d
0 0
Interchanging order of integral
t
F1 ( s ) F2 ( s ) f1 ( ) f 2 (t )d e st dt L f1 (t ) f 2 (t )
0 0
7
Linear System
Convolution: determination of output of a linear time-
invariant (LTI) system from the input and the system
response Hcs )
ycs )
✗ (s) )= Hostiles >

( ) ( )
yes
HH ) * ✗ (f)
yet ) =

wit) 1st signal

Pulse function
=

( ) £1T -

ti ) - end signal

1 lnsotowsampling
( )
+

Input function

8
Linear Systems
Let , be the output at time excited by
,
Homogeneity ( ) , ( )

Additivity ( ) , ( )
The output ( ) excited by the input ( )

( ) , ( )

As -
0,
T
becomes an impulse and

= , = ,

, is the impulse response

9
Linear System
Convolution: determination of output of a
linear time-invariant (LTI) system from the
transfer func
input and the system response !
.

{
H 's ) yes ,
XCS) yes >
- His )
Fcs )
( ) ( )
Lib
hit ,
The output of the above LTI can be found as: impulse response

y (t ) x( )h(t )d

x(t ) h(t )

where ( ) is the impulse response of the system

10
Example Ids)
I

Find io(t)
s
↳ (s )

Need: an impulse response

1 islt ) -1%+1
Current
a-
divider gives Io Is >
plant
Ids )
s 1 Isis )
Io 1
H (s) HIS )= 2¥
Is s 1 Isles )

%
m-
Inverse Laplace transform

Illness )= h(t ) e t u (t ) hit )

11
0
S Domain

TÉs ) →
Iocs ) →
iolt )

Iscs ) , Ids ) →
Hcs ) → hcf)

I¥¥
=
Hcs) → Ids ) =
Hes )Ics )

, "
i oct ) a L
/ ]
Hooks)

0
Time Domain

isct ) * Hit ) →
ioct )

Graphical
.
Example
Method: convolution integral
t
io (t ) h(t ) is (t ) i (t )e d is (t ) u (t ) u (t 2)
0 s

Reflect and shift the input

0<t<2 breedBinoy
-

t t t
io (t ) 1e d e 1 e
0 0

t>2 Monmouth moon

t t t ( t 2)
io (t ) 1e d e e e
t 2 t 2

Complete response
t
1 e 0 t 2
io (t ) t ( t 2)
e e t 2
12
 Differential Equations

"i
""

d 2 v(t ) dv(t )
2
6 8v(t ) 2u (t ); v(0) 1, v (0) 2
dt dt

T
-

Taking the Laplace tranform

time diff 2
s 2V ( s ) sv(0) v (0) 6 sV ( s ) v(0) 8V ( s )
s
Substitution of ics ( initial and .
]
2 2
s V ( s) s 2 6 sV ( s ) 1 8V ( s ) Rao'ÑÑoonB
s M0Ñn8oEoug8nÑ
Rearraging the above
2 lmÑÑIo
s 4s 2 1/ 4 1/ 2 1/ 4
V (s)
"
s ( s 2)( s 4) s s 2 s 4
L
1 2t 4t
v(t ) 1 2e e u (t )
4
13
Circuit Analysis Algorithms
Steps in Applying the Laplace Transform:
1. Transform the circuit from the time domain to
the s-domain
2. Solve the circuit using nodal analysis, mesh
analysis, source transformation,
superposition, or any circuit analysis
technique with which we are familiar
3. Take the inverse transform of the solution and
thus obtain the solution in the time domain.
14
Circuit Element
Mind initial card tnñou
Resistor
.

Time domain v(t ) Ri (t ) OHM 'S law →

Frequency (s) domain V ( s) RI ( s) a

Inductor
initial and V (s) L sI ( s ) i (0)
g)
q
.

di (t ) sLI ( s ) Li (0)

1.
v(t ) L Frequency domain II.
dt

Time domain
1 i (0)
I (s) V ( s)
sL s
Ice
15
Circuit Element
Capacitor ÷
I (s) sCV ( s ) Cv(0)
"

-4
-
^

1 v(0)
V ( s) I (s)
sC s

dv(t )
i (t ) C p
dt
Important advantages
Initial condition
Complete response (transient and steady state)
16
Circuit Element
2%1*1%81
and .

Nose
Assume zero initial condition
for the inductor and capacitor,
Resistor : V(s)=RI(s)
Inductor: V(s)=sLI(s)
Capacitor: V(s) = I(s)/sC

The impedance in the s-domain

is defined as Z(s) = V(s)/I(s)

The admittance in the s-domain

is defined as Y(s) = I(s)/V(s)

17
 Example 16.1
Assume zero ics. Find vo(t)
Transform to s domain
t →s
Apply mesh analysis
1 3 3
1 I1 ( s ) I2 0
'

m¥ 3
s
s s

I 2 ( s ) I1 ( s )
s

5 s I 2 (s) 0

/
>> syms s
>> vo = 3/(s^2+8*s+18)
vo =
3/(s^2+8*s+18)
3 >> ilaplace(vo)
I 2 (s) ans =

G V (s)
s3 8s 2 18s 3/2*2^(1/2)*exp(-4*t)*sin(2^(1/2)*t)
3 L
"

3 4t
o
s 2
8s 18
,
vo (t ) e sin 2t
2 18
Example 16.2
Find vo(t). Assume vo(0) = 5V

Transform to s domain
7180^7 otohaswrioxwwnw

Cvo (0) 0.1 5 0.5 A

Nodal analysis
10 /( s 1) Vo Vo Vo
2 0.5
10 10 10 / s
19
Example 16.2
vo(t)
>> vos=(25*s+35)/(s+1)/(s+2);
>> vot=ilaplace(vos)
vot =
15*exp(-2*t)+10*exp(-t)
Plotting the response vo(t)
>> t=[0:1e-2:5];
>> vi=10*exp(-t);
>> vo=15*exp(-2*t)+10*exp(-t);
>> plot(t,vi)
>> hold on
>> plot(t,vo)
>> xlabel('time(s)')
>> ylabel('v_o(t)')
20
Example 16.2
Input and output voltages
25

20
Output voltage
Input voltage

15
v (t)
o

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
time(s)

21
State Space Models
%oon6ou

General form
State equation: x(t ) Ax(t ) Bu(t )
Output equation: y (t ) Cx(t ) Du(t )
Initial condition (IC): x(t0 ) x0
The state space model describes how the
input u(t) and the initial condition x0 affect
the state x(t) and the output y(t) 22
Solving Linear State Equations
Homogeneous x(t ) Ax(t )
Forced or nonhomogeneous
x(t ) Ax(t ) Bu(t ); x Rn , u Rm
Given x(t0 ) x 0 , u(t )

Want to find x(t )

Method: Laplace transform

L x(t ) AL x(t ) BL u(t )
L y (t ) CL x(t ) DL u(t )
23
Solving Linear State Equations
sX ( s ) x 0 AX( s ) BU( s )
Y( s ) CX( s ) DU( s )

1 1
X( s ) sI A x0 sI A BU ( s )
1 1
Y ( s ) C sI A x0 C sI A B D U( s)

The resolvent
1 Adj sI A n n matrix
sI A
det sI A det sI A

24
Network Stability
A circuit is stable if its impulse response h(t) is
bounded (i.e. h(t) converges to a finite value)
lim h(t )
t

25
Network Stability Yodo on rod

Recall: the transfer function H(s) is the

Laplace transform of the impulse response
h(t) given as
N (s) N (s)
H (s)
D( s) (s p1 )( s p2 ) (s pn )
p1t p2t pn t
h(t ) k1e k2 e kn e u (t )
A circuit is stable when all the poles
of its transfer function H(s) lie in the
left half of the s plane
An unstable circuit never reaches steady
state because the transient response does
not decay to zero ñnnaoissrlaioorñes
pole
26
Example 16.10
Determine stability of the
given system
KCL @ node 1
dv v v i
i ix iC C i v
dt R RC C
KVL on the outer loop
di v vs
vs vL v L v vs i
dt L L
1 1 v
0 ix
1
0
v RC C v
1 vs R i
i 1 i
0 L
L
27
>> syms R C L s;
>> A = [-1/R/C 1/C; -1/L 0]
A = RC 1/ L
[ -1/R/C, 1/C]
RCL s 2 1 RC s 1 LC s2 1
RC s
1
LC
[ -1/L, 0]
>> B = [0; 1/L] RC 2 s 1 RC C s 1
L RC
B = 2
0
RCL s 1
RC s 1
LC s2 1
RC s 1
LC

1/L
>> C = [1/R 0]
C = 2
1 1 4
RC RC LC
[ 1/R, 0] s
>> C*inv(s*eye(2)-A)*B 2
ans =
1/(s^2*L*R*C+s*L+R)*R*C
C*(s*R*C+1)/(s^2*L*R*C+s*L+R)

28