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Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University Eeng 360 1
Rectangular Pulses
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Triangular Pulses
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Spectrum of a Rectangular Pulse
t
w(t ) W ( f ) T Sa Tf
T
Note the inverse relationship between the pulse width T and the zero crossing 1/T
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Spectrum of Sa Function
To find the spectrum of a Sa function we can use duality theorem.
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Spectrum of a Time Shifted Rectangular Pulse
• The spectra shown in previous slides are real because the time domain pulse
(rectangular pulse) is real and even.
• If the pulse is offset in time domain to destroy the even symmetry, the spectra will
be complex.
• Let us now apply the Time delay theorem of Table 2.1 to the Rectangular pulse.
t T
v(t ) 2
1 T
sin( fT )
V( f ) T ( f ) e j fT Sa ( fT )
fT
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Spectrum of a Triangular Pulse
The spectrum of a triangular pulse can be obtained by direct evaluation of the FT
integral.
An easier approach is to evaluate the FT using the second derivative of the
triangular pulse.
First derivative is composed of two rectangular pulses as shown.
The second derivative consists of the three impulses.
We can find the FT of the second derivative easily and then calculate the FT of
the triangular pulse.
dw(t )
dt d 2 w(t )
dt 2
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Spectrum of a Triangular Pulse
dw(t )
dt d 2 w(t )
dt 2
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Spectrum of Rectangular and Sa Pulses
Duality Theorem if w(t ) W ( f ) Then W(t ) w( f )
t f
TSa Tf Then 2WSa 2 Wt
T 2W
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Table 2.2 Some FT pairs
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Key FT Properties
Time Scaling; Contracting the time axis leads to an expansion of the
frequency axis.
Duality
• Symmetry between time and frequency domains.
• “Reverse the pictures”.
• Eliminates half the transform pairs.
Frequency Shifting (Modulation); (multiplying a time signal by an
exponential) leads to a frequency shift.
Multiplication in Time
• Becomes complicated convolution in frequency.
• Mod/Demod often involves multiplication.
• Time windowing becomes frequency convolution with Sa.
Convolution in Time
• Becomes multiplication in frequency.
• Defines output of LTI filters: easier to analyze with FTs.
x(t) x(t)*h(t)
h(t)
X(f) X(f)H(f)
H(f) Eeng 360 11
Convolution
The convolution of a waveform w1(t) with a waveform w2(t) to
produce a third waveform w3(t) which is
where w1(t)∗ w2(t) is a shorthand notation for this integration operation and ∗ is
read “convolved with”.
If discontinuous wave shapes are to be convolved, it is usually easier to evaluate
the equivalent integral
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Example for Convolution
T
t
w1 (t ) 2
T
t
-
w 2 (t)=e u (t )
T
For t > T
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Convolution
y(t)=x(t)*z(t)= x(τ)z(t- τ )d τ
• Flip one signal and drag it across the other
• Area under product at drag offset t is y(t).
-6 -4 -2 -1 0 1 2
2
y(t)
-6 -4 -2 -1 0 1 2 t
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