mass (m) Pressure Bubble rising up 1) U-Tube manometer 4)

- Density (ρ)=
volume (v) Normal force or thrust exerted by liquid at constant temperature
per unit area Patm Patm

F
radius ‘r‛ becomes ‘nr‛ when bubble rises
L1
h1d1 = h2d2 + h3d3
P= in liquid from bottom to the surface
h1d1 = h2d2
A d1 L2
d2 h1
d1
d2 h2
- unit= kg/m 3 ρgh = p [n3-1] h3
Pressure-depth relation atm h1 h2
- density of water=1000 kg / m3=1g/cc
- for two bodies of same mass P= h ρ g
ρ1v1=ρ2v2 Conditions for equal forces on wall L3 d3
Hydrostatic paradox
and bottom of a cylinder
if ρ1>ρ2
Whatever the shape or width of vessel the pressure
v1<v2 2) U-Tube type

PHYSICS
at any particular depth is same
5)
h1d1 = h2 d2

Mixing of liquids d1 h2
h1 = h2 + h3
F2
A B C D L = L1
d2 h1
h1 h1
d1 L2 h2 h1d1 = h2d2 + h3d3
PA=PB=PC=PD d2 d2
Calculation of resultant/final density F1 d1 Note:
h2
If one of the liquid water, h3

1) If volumes of the liquids are equal PA PB PC PD hw dL

If L=R L1 L2 hL
=
dw
= (R.D)L

hw
d1 + d2 R (R.D) = L3 d3
d= then, F1=F2 hL
2 - Gauge pressure = P-Patm
= hρg

2) If masses of two liquids are equal - Patm= 1.01325 x 105 Pa 3) The third liquid is in level with other
6)
2d1d2
Manometer

WALLAH
For 2- liquids⟹ d=
d1 + d2 h1d1 = h2d2
L1 h1d1 + h3d3 = h2d2
For 3- liquids⟹ d=
3d1d2d3
Inclined barometer Patm
h1,d1 L1 d1 h1 L2 h2 d2
d1d2+d2d3+d1d3 L2 h2,d2
d3 h3
For n-liquids, n=1+1+1+....1
d d1 d2 d3 dn
3) If masses and volumes of two liquids are h (h) Ll

if θ=angle with horizontal L3. L3

different
d=
Total mass m1+m2
= v +v
Px h
Total volume 1 2 θ
h
Sinθ =
m =ρ1v1 & m =ρ2v2
1 2
Ll
U - tube accelerating horizontally Special case: U - tube rotating
v1 = m1
v2 =
m2
h a ω
ρ1 & ρ2 Ll =
sinθ h = h1 - h2
h
ρm h a ω2l2
if θ=angle with vertical h Ll
h1 tan = = h h =
Relative density (R.D)/Specific gravity θ
L g 2g
h h2
1) Relative density of a body Cosθ = h a
Ll
dsolid wa Px=Patm+ hρmg L
=
g
(R.D)solid= = h
d wa-ww Ll =
Cosθ L La
hρmg = Px- Patm
water

2) Relative density of liquid h= l

d
g ω

FLUID
(R.D)liquid= liquid
d ω2x12
water
wa - wL h1 =
2g
=
wa - ww
h2 ω2x22
h2 =
3) Relative density of a solid 2g
h1
to that of liquid ω2 (x22 - x12)
h = h2 - h1 =

MECHANICS 01
(R.D)solid wa x1 x2 2g
=
(R.D)liquid wa-wL

where,
Wa= weight of object when in air
PHYSICS
Ww= weight of object when dipped in water
WL= weight of object when dipped in liquid WALLAH
 Pascal’s Law Archimedes’ principle Unit of Coefficient of viscosity

PHYSICS
WALLAH
Any change in pressure at a point of an enclosed Liquid applies a net upward force on an immersed
body,called as upthrust or buoyant force 1) The CGS Unit of η is dyne s cm-2 and is called poise.
incompressible fluid is equally transmitted at all P1 upthrust=weight of the liquid displaced= Vρ g
other points of fluid σ Apparent weight=Actual weight-upthrust 2) The SI unit of η is Nsm-2 called decapoise or poiseuille
Wapp=Wair-U 1 poiseuille = 10 poise
=Wair [1- _
[
r P2 ρ

P2> P1, P2-P1= Upthrust(U) Poiseuille‛s formula

πΔPr4

PHYSICS
Q= _
8 ηL
where, Q= rate of flow
Law of floatation
W
W
Stoke’s law
ρb
ρb F=6 ηπrv
W U
ρL ρL U ρL Fnet=Apparent weight-viscous force

ρb
Application U
Terminal velocity

WALLAH
(B) W=U (C) W=U
Hydraulic Lift (A) W>U
Vt= _2 r2 (ρ- ) g
ρb > ρL ρb= ρL ρb < ρL 9η
1) If ρ > ,the body will attain terminal velocity in the downward direction.
F Body sinks Body floats just Body floats partially 2) If ρ < the terminal velocity will be negative and the body will move in the
below surface submerge

A
f
MECHANICS 02 W ⇒ Weight of body
upward direction.
3) = ,the body remain suspended in the fluid.
ρ
a U ⇒ Upthrust

F f Critical velocity
A
=
a Fractional submerged volume Ve
Reynold‛s number
ρvD
Displaced
_ volume(Vd) _ Re = _
As A>> a therefore ⇒ F >> f = ρ (submerged fraction) η
Total volume(V)
Vd Significance of Reynold‛s number:
If the cylinders are connected Exposed volume(Ve)
_ = 1- _ (Exposed fraction)
Total volume(V) ρ If Re lies between 0 and 2000 the flow is streamlined or laminar.
σ
F1 F2
If Re>3000,the flow is turbulent.
weight of solid in air wa
_ ρb
_
Relative density of a solid= _ = w -w = ρW ρ
D2
Loss of weight in water a w If Re lies between 2000 & 3000 the flow of liquid is unstable.It may
change from laminar to turbulent and vice versa.
Loss of weight of an object dipped in liquid w
_ -wL _ρ
D1
Relative density of a liquid= = w a
= L
Loss of weight of an object dipped in water a
-ww ρW
FLUID

F1
=
F2 Newton’s Law of viscosity Equation of continuity B
R1 2
R2 2
v2
dv dv v1A1 Δ t ρ1= v2A2 Δ t ρ2 A2
F A = > F= ηA _
dx
F1 F2 dx v 2dt
since the liquid is incompressable ρ1= ρ2
=
R12 R22 dv
where, Velocity gradient= _ v1A1=v2A2
dx
F1 F2 F = F/A = _ F/A
= η= _ >coefficent of viscosity =
_F/A = _
> η=dv/dx F/A = _
Av=constant.
( ) ()
v1
Adv/dx v/l dx d x
D1 2
D2 2
/l dV
A1
dt dt l
shearing stress Av= =Q= >Volume rate of flow v1dt

= >η= _ dt
shear strain rate
 Energy of fluid in a steady flow VENTURIMETER SURFACE TENSION
Device to measure the flow of speed of incompressible fluid
Force F
Surface tension T = =
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE Length l
1
C
P Q
kinetic Energy = mv2 v1 = 2hg
2 N
P₁V₁ - P₂V₂ = 1 m (v₂²-v₁²) +mg (h₂-h₁) (A12/A22) -1 Unit in SI system =
2 m
kinetic energy per unit mass = 1 v2
2 (P₁ - P₂) V = 1 m (v22 - v1²) + mg (h₂-h₁) Unit in CGS system = dyne / cm
2 A

kinetic energy per unit volume = 1 ρv2 (P₁ - P₂) =

1 m
(v22 - v1²) +
mg
(h₂-h₁)
2 2 V V

PHYSICS
1
P + ρv2 + ρgh = constant
2 SURFACE ENERGY
Potential Energy = mgh PRESSURE DIFFERENCE ACROSS A CURVED LIQUID SURFACE
P v2 P
Potential energy per unit mass = gh ρg + 2g + h = constant, ρg = pressure head
D
Soap film
A A1
p‛ p‛
A A
T T
Potential energy per unit volume = ρgh v2 p T p T

2g = velocity head h = Gravitational head p‛

PHYSICS
WALLAH
L 2TL
F F
F
Conditions:
T T
Pressure energy = PV p
1. Flow should be streamlined. A

Pressure energy per unit mass = ρP

C B B1
p>p‛
2. Non-viscous and incompressible fluid. x p=p‛
p<p‛

3. Friction is absent everywhere. Work done W = Fx Pressure on concave side> pressure on convex side

WALLAH
Pressure energy per unit volume = P
Note: It is based on conservation of energy. But F = 2TLx 2T
Pconcave - Pconvex =
R
One surface
W = 2TL x x
Pinside - Poutside = 2T
Energy of the additional surface = W = 2TLx [ Liquid drop or air bubble ]
R
= T (2LX)=T∆A Pinside - Poutside = 4T [ Soap bubble ] Two surfaces
⇒ Surface energy = TL
APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE R

FLUID 03
Torricelli‛s Law of Efflux Excess pressure inside a liquid drop Capillarity
2T
v= 2(P-Pa) + 2gh Pi - Po =
R
ρ

MECHANICS
Meniscus
Excess pressure inside a soap bubble
• It is assumed that area of hole << area of top of tank
4T
Pa Pi - Po =
R < 90
o Meniscus > 90
o
P
h
If tank is open, P = Pa v h>0
Then Pa
h<0
v= 2gh H
(H-h) Shape of liquid meniscus
Water
Mercury
Tsa l Consider the equilibrium along the surface at
Time of fall, t = 2(H-h) line of contact
O
g R Tsal= TsL l + TLal cos
)

θ
Ascent/descent formula:
Range R = vt TsL l 2T
TSa = TSL + TLa cos h =
Rρg
, h > 0
) < 90
o
)
= 2gh x 2(H-h)/g Glass

TLa l TSa - TSL 2Tcos

cos =
R = 2 h (H-h) TLa h =
rρg
,h < 0
) > 90
o
)
Water
= Angle of contact. where, R= radius of meniscus
r= radius of the tube
R is max, when h= H
2