Hyperbola

ENGR. DIANA GRACE QUIÑONES

 Hyperbola

 Review: The geometric definition relies on a

cone and a plane intersecting it

 Algebraic definition: a set of points in

the plane such that the difference of the
distances from two fixed points, called
foci, remains constant.
 Hyperbola
From each



y
point in the
 plane, the
difference of



A 
the distances to

d1  the foci is a
d2

x constant.
     

f1
  

   
f2
 
d2
   
Example:
 B

d1 Point A: d1-d2 = c





foci Point B: d1-d2 = c





Items referenced on the graph of a hyperbola
Center (h,k)
 y


Transverse Axis
 (Major Axis,2a)



x

                  

f1 
f2


 Conjugate Axis



(Minor Axis,2b)



foci
directrix (d) 


Vertices
 Hyperbola Vs. Ellipse

Algebraic Definition of a hyperbola: a set of

points in the plane such that the difference of the
distances from two fixed points, called foci, remains
constant.

 How is the definition similar to that of an ellipse?

 Facts: Hyperbola Equation
 Both variables are squared.
 Equation:

 Compare the equations of ellipses and hyperbolas.

 What makes the hyperbola different from the
parabola?
 What makes the hyperbola different from a circle?
 Kinds of hyperbola

2 2 2 2
(𝑥 − ℎ) (𝑦 − 𝑘) (𝑦 − 𝑘) (𝑥 − ℎ)
2
− 2
=1 2
− 2
=1
𝑎 𝑏  y
𝑎 𝑏























x





















                  


y



























x
 2 2 2 2
(𝑥 − ℎ) (𝑦 − 𝑘) (𝑦 − 𝑘) (𝑥 − ℎ)
2
− 2
=1 2
− 2
=1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
where the center is at (h,k) and |2a | is the length of
the Major/ transverse axis and |2b| is the of the length
of the minor/conjugate axis.
Procedure to graph:
1. Put in standard form (above): x squared term - y
squared term = 1
2. Determine if the hyperbola is opening vertically
or horizontally. (If x is positive, it’s horizontal.
If y is positive, it’s vertical.)
3. Plot the center (h,k)
4. Plot the endpoints of the transverse/major axis
by moving “a” units left and right from the
center.
 2 2
(𝑥 − ℎ) (𝑦 − 𝑘)
2
− 2
=1
𝑎 𝑏

(h,k)

a a
 2 2
(𝑥 − ℎ) (𝑦 − 𝑘)
2
− 2
=1
𝑎 𝑏

To graph:
5. Plot the endpoints of the vertical axis by moving
“b” units up and down from the center.
Note: The line segment that contains the vertices
of the hyperbola is known as the transverse
axis. The other axis is the conjugate axis.
6. Draw a rectangle such that each of the axis
endpoints is the midpoint of a side.
 2 2
(𝑥 − ℎ) (𝑦 − 𝑘)
2
− 2
=1
𝑎 𝑏

b
(h,k)

a a
b
 2 2
(𝑥 − ℎ) (𝑦 − 𝑘)
2
− 2
=1
𝑎 𝑏

To graph:
7. Sketch the diagonals of the rectangle and extend
them outside of the rectangle. (These are the
asymptotes of the hyperbola.)
8. Draw each branch of the hyperbola – Be sure to
go through the vertex of each (the endpoint of
the transverse axis) and approach the
asymptotes.
 2 2
(𝑥 − ℎ) (𝑦 − 𝑘)
2
− 2
=1
𝑎 𝑏

b
(h,k)

a a
b
 2 2
(𝑥 − ℎ) (𝑦 − 𝑘)
2
− 2
=1
𝑎 𝑏

To graph:
9. Use the following formula to help locate the foci:
c2 = a2 + b2
Move “c” units left and right form the center if
the transverse axis is horizontal
OR Move “c” units up and down form the center if
the transverse axis is vertical
Label the points f1 and f2 for the two foci.

Note: It is not necessary to plot the foci to graph the hyperbola, but
it is common practice to locate them.
 2 2
(𝑥 − ℎ) (𝑦 − 𝑘)
2
− 2
=1
𝑎 𝑏

b
𝑓2 (h,k) 𝑓1

c a a
b c

Using
c2 = a2 + b2
The equation of each asymptote can be found by
using the point-slope formula. Use the center as
“the point” and slope can be found by counting on
the graph (from the point to the corner of the
rectangle).
Or the following formulas can be used:

With horizontal transverse axis: 2 2

(𝑥 − ℎ) (𝑦 − 𝑘)
b b ; 2
− 2
= 1
y = k + (x - h) and y = k - (x - h)
a a
𝑎 𝑏
With vertical transverse axis:
2 2
y = k + (x - h) and y = k - (x - h) ; (𝑦 − 𝑘) − (𝑥 − ℎ) = 1
a a
b b 𝑎2 𝑏2
 y2 x2
Exp. 1: Graph  1
64 36
1. Put in standard form.
Done
2. Determine if the hyperbola is opening vertically or
horizontally. (0,8)
Vertically because y term is positive.
3. Identify the center. (-6,0) (0,0) (6,0)
(0,0) 6 6
4. Identify the endpoints of the horizontal axis.
(6,0) and (-6,0) 𝑏2 = 36
(0,-8)
5. Identify the endpoints of the vertical axis. b=6
(0,8) and (0,-8) 𝑎2 = 64
Which pair of endpoints are the vertices? a=8
(0,8) and (0,-8)
 y2 x2
Exp. 1: Graph  1
64 36
6. Draw a rectangle such that each of the axis endpoints is the
midpoint of a side.
7. Sketch the asymptotes of the hyperbola.
8. Draw each branch of the hyperbola – Be sure to go through the
vertex of each (the endpoint of the transverse axis) and approach
the asymptotes.
 y2 x2
Exp. 1: Graph  1
64 36
9. Locate the foci. c2 = a2 + b2
C2= 64 + 36
(0,10) and (0,-10) C2= 100
10. Find the equations of the asymptotes. C = 10
(0,10)
4 4
y  x and y  x
3 3

(0,0)
8
𝑦 =0± 𝑥−0
6

(0,-10)
 2 2
y x
 1
64 36


Transverse axis
y






Conjugate axis







 Center

 x

        
                  
















Asymptotes
 ( x  3) ( y  2)
2 2

Exp. 2: Graph  1
36 16
1. Put in standard form.
Done
2. Determine if the hyperbola is opening vertically or
horizontally.
Horizontally because x term is positive.
3. Identify the center.
(3,-2)
4. Identify the endpoints of the horizontal axis.
(-3,-2) and (9,-2)
5. Identify the endpoints of the vertical axis.
(3,2) and (3,-6)
Which pair of endpoints are the vertices?
(-3,-2) and (9,-2)
 ( x  3) ( y  2)
2 2

Exp. 2: Graph  1
36 16

6. Draw a rectangle such that each of the axis

endpoints is the midpoint of a side.
7. Sketch the asymptotes of the hyperbola.
8. Draw each branch of the hyperbola – Be sure to
go through the vertex of each (the endpoint of
the transverse axis) and approach the
asymptotes.
 ( x  3) ( y  2)
2 2

Exp. 2: Graph  1
36 16

9. Locate the foci.

(3+2√13,-2) and (3-2√13,-2)
10. Find the equations of the asymptotes.

4
𝑦 = −2 ± 𝑥 − 3
6

2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑦= −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = −
3 3
 ( x  3) ( y  2) 2 2
 1



y
36 16







 x
a (semi major axis)=6
          

                b (semi minor axis)=4


c(distance b/w center and


foci) =2√13










Length of Major/ transverse Axis (2a) is 12.

Length of Minor / conjugate axis (2b) is 8.
Distance b/w the foci (2c) is 4√13
 Exp. 3: Graph 4x2 - 9y2 + 32x + 54y - 53 = 0

1. Put in standard form.

(Hint: Complete the square.)
4x2 + 32x -9y2 + 54y = 53
4(x2 + 8x ) - 9(y2 - 6y ) = 53
+16 +9 +64 - 81
Completing the square
4(x + 4)2 - 9(y -3)2 = 36 𝑏 2
“ ”
2 2 2
𝑥+4 𝑦−3 4(x2 + 8x )=c
− =1
9 4 8 2
=16
2
Since multiplied by 4
2. Plot the center 4(x2 + 8x+16 )=c+16(4)
4(x2 + 8x+16 )=c+64
(-4,3)
3. Plot the endpoints of the horizontal axis.
Endpoints at (-7,3) and (-1,3)
 Exp. 3: Graph 4x2 - 9y2 + 32x + 54y - 53 = 0
2 2
𝑥+4 𝑦−3
− =1
9 4
4. Plot the endpoints of the vertical axis.
Endpoints at (-4,5) and (-4,1)
Locate the foci:
c2 = a2 + b2
c2 = 9 + 4
c2 = 13
c = ±√13
Where are the foci?
(-4 ±√13, 3)
 Challenge Question

Given the following information, write the equation of

the hyperbola. Sketch and find the foci.
Center is (5,-3), the major/transverse axis is vertical
and has a length of 10, and the minor axis has a
length of 6.
 Eccentricity

 A characteristic that all of the conic sections possess

is eccentricity. The eccentricity of a conic section
tells us how close it is to being in the shape of a
circle. The farther away the eccentricity of a conic
section is from 0, the less the shape looks like a
circle.
 Formulas to remember

de=a , La=2bb , ea=c

, c =
2 a +
2 b2
Where;
a=semi major axis
b=semi minor axis
c=distance b/w center and focus
d=distance b/w center and directrix
e= eccentricity
L=length of Latus Rectum
Find the eccentricity, the distance between two directrices, the distance between
The center and directrix, the distance between center and focus, the distance between
the two foci, the length of major axis, the length of semi major axis, the length of
minor axis, the length of semi minor axis and the length of the Latus rectum of the
hyperbola given by 16𝑥 2 − 25𝑦 2 = 100

Given:
16𝑥 2 − 25𝑦 2 = 100

Find:
Eccentricity (e) = ?
distance between two directrices (2d) =?
distance between the center and directrix (d) = ?
distance between center and focus (c) = ?
distance between the two foci (2c) = ?
length of major axis (2a) = ?
length of semi major axis (a) = ?
length of minor axis (2b) = ?
length of semi minor axis (b) = ?
length of the Latus rectum (L) = ?
 16𝑥 2 − 25𝑦 2 = 100

16𝑥 2 25𝑦 2 100

− =
100 100 100

𝑥2 𝑦2
− =1
25 4
4

25
𝑎2 = 𝑏2 = 4
4
5
𝑎= 𝑏=2
2

length of major/transverse axis (2a) = 5

5
length of semi major axis (a) =
2
length of minor/conjugate axis (2b) = 4
length of semi minor axis (b) = 2
 c2 = a2 + b2
5
𝑎= 𝑏=2
2

41
𝑐=
2
41
distance between center and focus (c) = 2
distance between the two foci (2c) = 41
de=a , La=2bb , ea=c

ea=c
𝑐
e=
𝑎
41
e= 2
5
41
2
Eccentricity (e) = 5
 de=a , La=2bb , ea=c

c2 = a2 + b2
5 41 41
𝑎= 2
𝑏=2 𝑐= e=
2 5

de=a
𝑎
𝑑=
𝑒
25 41
𝑑=
82 25 41
distance between two directrices (2d) = 41
distance between the center and directrix (d) = 25 41
82

La=2bb
2𝑏𝑏 16
𝐿= 𝐿=
𝑎 5
16
length of the Latus rectum (L) = 5
Find the eccentricity, the distance between two directrices, the distance between
The center and directrix, the distance between center and focus, the distance
between the two foci, the length of major axis, the length of semi major axis, the
length of minor axis, the length of semi minor axis and the length of the Latus
rectum of the ellipse given by
9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 = 144
 Review

1) How can you tell if the graph of an equation will

be a line, parabola, circle, ellipse, or hyperbola?
2) What’s the standard form of a hyperbola?
3) What’s the standard form of an ellipse?
4) What’s the standard form of a parabola?
5) What’s the standard form of a circle?
6) How are the various equations similar and
different?