Summary 41

SUMMARY

Displacement, velocity, and acceleration are important defined kinematics quantities.

Topic Releva nt Equations a nd Rema rks

1. Displacement 2-1

Graphical interpretation Displacement is the area under the v-versus-t curve.

2. Velocity

LlX
Average velocity v -
Llt
av
= 2-2

( ) 1. LlX dx
Instantaneous velocity v t un -
= llHO =- 2-5
Llt dt

Graphical interpretation The instantaneous velocity is represented graphically as the slope of the x-versus-t
curve.

Relative velocity If a particle moves with velocity vpA relative to reference frame A, which is in turn
moving with velocity VAB relative to a second reference frame B, the velocity of the
particle rela ti ve to B is
2-7

3. Speed

total distance 5
Average speed Average spee d 2-3
= total time

Instantaneous speed Instantaneous speed is the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity.

4. Acceleration

LlV
Average acceleration a =- 2-8
Llt
av

dv d2x
Instantaneous acceleration a =-=- 2-10
dt dt2

Graphical in terpreta tion The instantaneous acceleration is represented graphically as the slope of the v-versus-t
curve.

Acceleration due to gravity The acceleration of an object near the surface of the earth in free-fall under the influ­
ence of gravity is directed downward and has the magnitude
g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2

5. Displacement and velocity Displacement is represented graphically as the area under the v-versus-t curve. This
as integrals area is the integral of v over time from some initial time t1 to some final time t and is
2
written

LlX = lim
llt�O
2: v M
.
I
I I
=
fl'
I,
v dt 2-18
42 CHAPTER 2 Motion in One Dimension

Similarly, change in velocity is represented graphically as the area under the a-versus-t
curve:

�V = lim L a/lti =
.6./--+0 .
I
f l'a dt
I,
2-21

Velocity v = Vo + at 2-12

Displacement in terms of Vav 2-15

Displacement in terms of a 2-16

v in terms of a and �x V2 = V B + 2a �x 2-17

PROBLEM S

• Single-concept, single-step, relatively easy In a few problems, you are given more
• • Intermediate-level, may require synthesis of concepts data than you actually need; in a few
other problems, you are required to
• • • Challenging
supply data from your general
IssMI Solution is in the Student Solutions Manual
knowledge, outside sources, or
Problems available on iSOLVE online homework service
informed estimates .
.I These "Checkpoint" online homework service problems ask students
a dditional questions about their confidence level, and how they arrived
at their answer

For all problems, use g = 9.81 m/s2 for the acceleration due to gravity and neglect friction and air resistance
unless instructed to do otherwise.

Conceptual Problems 6 • True/false; explain: The displacement always equals

the product of the average velocity and the time interval.

1 • What is the average velocity over the "round trip" 7 • True/fa \se; explain:
of an object that is launched straight up from the ground and (a ) For the velocity to remain constant, the acceleration must
falls straight back down to the ground? remain zero.
2 • IssMI An object thrown straight up falls back to the (b) For the speed to remain constant, the acceleration must re­
ground. Its time of flight is T, its maximum height is H, and its main zero.
height at release is negligible. Its average speed for the entire 8 .. ISSMI Draw careful graphs of the position and ve-
flight is (a) H/T, (b) 0, (c) H / (2T), (d) 2H/T. locity and acceleration over the time period 0 :S t :S 25 s for a
3 • i To avoid falling too fast during a landing, cart that
an airplane must maintain a minimum airspeed (the speed of (a) moves away from the origin at a slow and steady (constant)
the plane relative to the air) . However, the slower the ground velocity for the first 5 s;
speed (speed relative to the ground) during a landing, the (b) moves away at a medium-fast, steady (constant) velocity
safer the landing. Is it safer for an airplane to land with the for the next s; 5
wind or against the wind? (c) stands still for the next 5 s;
4 • Give an example of one-dimensional motion where
(d) moves toward the origin at a slow and steady (constant)
velocity for the next 5 s;
(a) the velocity is positive and acceleration is negative, and
(e) stands still for the last 5 s.
(b) the velocity is negative and the acceleration is positive.
s • IssMI Stand in the center of a large room. Call move-
9 • True/false; explain: The average velocity always
equals one-half the sum of initial plus final velocities.
ment to your right "positive," and movement to your left "neg­
ative." Walk across the room along a straight line in such a way 10 • Identical twin brothers standing on a horizontal
that, after getting started, your velOcity is negative but your ac­ bridge each throw a rock straight down into the water below.
celeration is positive. (a) Is your displacement initially positive They throw rocks at exactly the same time, but one hits the
or negative? Explain. (b) Describe how you vary your speed as water before the other. How can this occur if the rocks have
you walk. (c) Sketch a graph of v versus t for your motion. the same starting time?
 Problems 43

11 • • IssMI Dr. Josiah S. Carberry stands at the top of the F I G U R E 2 · 2 S Problem 16

Sears Tower in Chicago. Wanting to emulate Galileo, and B
ignoring the safety of the pedestrians below, he drops a bowl­

.� �
ing ball from the top of the tower. One second later, he drops a E
•
second bow ling ball. While the balls are in the air, does their POSitiOn ,
separation (a) increase over time, (b) decrease, or (c) stay the Time
same? Ignore any effects that air resistance may have.
- 0
12 • • Which of the position-versus-time curves in Fig-
ure 2-23 best shows the motion of an object with constant
positive accelera tion? 17 · If the instantaneous velocity does not
change, will the average velocities for different intervals differ?

F I G U R E 2 · 2 3 Problem 12 18 • If Vav = 0 for some time interval I1t, must the instan-
taneous velocity v be zero at some point in the interval? Sup­

=
port your answer by sketching a possible x-versus-t curve
that has I1x 0 for some interval !:;to
19 • • An object moves along a line as shown in Fig-
ure 2-26. At which point or points is its speed at a minimum?
(a) A and E. (b) B, D, and E. (c) C only. (d) E only. (e) None of
these is correct.

F I G U R E 2 · 2 6 Problem 19

Position '
� Time
-
Time,s
0

13 • IssMI Which of the velocity-versus-time curves in

Figure 2-24 best describes the motion of an object with con­
20 .. ISSM! For each of the four graphs of x ver-
stant positive acceleration?
sus t in Figure 2-27, answer the following questions. (a) Is
the velocity at time t2 greater than, less than, or equal to the
F I G U R E 2 · 2 4 Problem 13 velocity at time tl? (b) Is the speed at time t greater than, less
2
than, or equal to the speed at time tl?

F I G U R E 2 · 2 7 Problem 20

/'T
: ,
,
,
,

(a) (b)

Time,s
x x

14 • Does the following statement make sense? "The av-

9
erage velocity of the car at A.M. was 60 km/h. "
15 • IssMI Is it possible for the average velocity of an
object to be zero during some interval, even though its aver­
age velocity for the first half of the interval is not zero?
(e) (d)
Explain.
16 • The diagram in Figure 2-25 tracks the path of an ob-
ject moving in a straight line along the x axis. Assuming that 21 • True/false; explain:
the object is at the origin (xo = 0) at to = 0, which point on the (a) If the acceleration remains zero, the body cannot be moving.
position-versus-time graph represents the instant the object is (b) If the acceleration remains zero, the x-versus-t curve must
farthest from the origin? (a ) A (b) B (c) C (d) D (e) E . be a straight line.
44 C HAPTER 2 Motion in One Dimension

22 • Is it possible for a body to simultaneously have
zero velocity and nonzero acceleration?
23 . A ball is thrown straight up. What is the
velocity of the ball at the top of its flight? What is its accelera­
tion at that point?
24 • Find the average speed over the "round trip" of an
object that is launched straight up from the ground, reaches a
height H, and falls straight back down to the ground, hitting it
after T seconds have elapsed. Express this in terms of the ini­
tial launch speed vo'
25 • A bowling ball is thrown upward. While it is in
flight, its acceleration is (a) decreasing, (b) constant, (c) zero,
(d) increasing.
26 • At t = 0, object A is dropped from the roof of a
building. At the same instant, object B is dropped from a win­
dow 10 m below the roof. During their descent to the ground,
the distance between the two objects (a) is proportional to t,
(b) is proportional to t2, (c) decreases, (d) remains 10 m
throughout.
27 . . IssMI Assume that the Porsche accelerates uniformly
from 80.5 km/h (50 mi/h) at t = 0 to 113 km/h (70 mi/h) at
t = 9 s. Which graph in Figure 2-28 best describes the motion of
the car?
FI G U R E 2 · 2 8 Problem 27
32 • On a graph showing position on the vertical
axis and time on the horizontal axis, a straight line with a
negative slope represents motion with (a) constant positive
acceleration, (b) constant negative acceleration, (c) zero ve­
locity, (d) constant positive velocity, (e) constant negative
velocity.
33 • • On a graph showing position on the vertical axis
and time on the horizontal axis, a parabola that opens upward
represents (a) a positive acceleration, (b) a negative accelera­
tion, ( c) no acceleration, (d) a positive followed by a negative
acceleration, (e) a negative followed by a positive
acceleration.
34 • • On a graph showing velocity on the vertical axis
and time on the horizontal axis, a constant acceleration of
zero is represented by (a) a straight line with positive slope,
(b) a straight line with negative slope, (c) a straight line with
zero slope, (d) either (a), (b), or ( c) , (e) none of the above.
• • On a graph showing velocity on the vertical axis
35
and time on the horizontal axis, constant acceleration is repre­
sented by (a) a straight line with positive slope, (b) a straight
line with negative slope, (c) a straight line with zero slope,
(d) either (a), (b), or (c), (e) none of the above.
36 • • Which graph of v versus t in Figure 2-29 best
describes the motion of a particle with positive velocity and
negative acceleration?
FI G U R E 2 · 2 9 Problem 36

v v v
+ 1----- + +

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

(a) (b) (c)

28 .. IssMI An object is dropped from rest and falls a dis­
tance 0 in a given time. If the time during which it falls is v v
doubled, the distance it falls will be (a) 40, (b) 20, (c) 0, + +
(d) 0/2, (e) 0/4.
29 • • A ball is thrown upward with an initial velocity va.
lts velocity halfway to its highest point is (a) 0.25vo' (b) 0.5vo'
(c) 0.707vo' (d) va' (e) cannot be determined from the informa­
tion given.
(d) (e)
30 • True or false:
(a) The equation LlX = vot +
�at2 is valid for all particle motion
in one dimension. 37 •• .I Which graph of v versus t in Figure 2-29
(b) If the velocity at a given instant is zero, the acceleration at best describes the motion of a particle with negative velocity
that instant must also be zero. and negative acceleration?
(c) The equation LlX = vavLlt holds for all particle motion in
38 • • A graph of the motion of an object is plotted with
one dimension.
the velocity on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal
31 • IssMI If an object is moving at constant accelera­ axis. The graph is a straight line. Which of these quantities
tion in a straight line, its instantaneous velocity halfway can be determined from this graph? (a) The displacement
through any time interval is (a) greater than its average ve­ from time t = 0 to any other time shown. (b) The initial veloc­
locity, (b) less than its average velocity, ( c) equal to its average ity at t
= O. (c) The acceleration as a function of time. (d) The
velocity, (d) half its average velocity, ( e) twice its average average velocity for any specified time interval. ( e) All of
velocity. the above.
 Problems 4S

39 . . IssMI Figure 2-30 shows the position of a car plot­
ted as a function of time. At which times to to t7 is the velocity
(a) negative? (b) positive? (c) zero? At which times is the accel­
eration (a) negative? (b) positive? (c) zero?
F I G U R E 2 - 3 0 Problem 39
x(t)
40 • • Sketch v-versus-t curves for each of the following
conditions: (a ) Acceleration is zero and constant while
velocity is not zero. (b) Acceleration is constant but not zero.
(c) Velocity and acceleration are both positive. (d) Velocity and
acceleration are both negative. (e) Velocity is positive and ac­
celera tion is negative. if) Velocity is negative and acceleration
is positive. (g) Velocity is momentarily zero but the accelera­
tion is not zero.
41 • • Figure 2-31 shows nine graphs of position, velocity,
and acceleration for objects in motion along a straight line.
Indicate the graphs that meet the following conditions:
(a) velocity is constant, (b) velocity reverses its direction,
(c) acceleration is constant, (d) acceleration is not constant.
(e) Which graphs of position, velocity, and acceleration are
mutually consistent?
F I G U R E 2 · 3 1 Problem 41
(a) (b)
(d) (e)
Estimation and Approximation
42 • Measure your own pulse rate (the number of heart
beats per minute). Typical adult "resting rates" fall between
60 bpm (beats per min) and 80 bpm. (a) How many times will
your heart beat during the time that it takes you to drive 1 mi
at 60 mph? (b) How many times will your heart beat during
your lifetime? (Assume a lifetime of 95 y.)
43 . . ISSMI i Occasionally, people cal1 survive
after fallil1g large distances if the surface they fall on is soft
enough. During a traverse of the Eiger 's infamous Nordvand,
mowltaineer Carlos Ragone's rock anchor pulled out and he
plummeted 500 ft to land il1 snow. Amazingly, he suffered
only a few bruises al1d a wrenched shoulder. (a) What
final speed did he reach before impact? Ignore air resistance.
(b) Assuming that his impact left a hole in the snow 4 ft deep,
estimate his acceleration as he slowed to a stop. Assume
that the acceleration was constant. Express this as a multiple
of g (the magnitude of free-fall acceleration at the surface of
the earth).
44 • • When we solve problems involving free-fall
above the surface of the earth, it's important to remember
that air resistance always exists; if we naively assume that
objects always fall with constant acceleration, we may get
answers that are wrong by orders of magnitude. How can
we tell when it is valid to assume that a body is falling with
(almost) constant acceleration? As a real body falls from rest
through the air, as its speed increases, its acceleration
downward decreases. The velocity will approach, but
never quite reach, a terminal velocity that depends on the
mass and cross-sectional area of the body; at the terminal
velocity, the forces of gravity and air resistance exactly
balance. For a "typical" skydiver falling through the air, a
reasonable estimate for the terminal velocity is about
50 m l s (roughly 120 mph). At a speed of half the terminal
velocity, the skydiver 's accelera­
tion will be �g. (a) Let's take half
the terminal velocity as a reason­
able " upper bound" beyond
which we shouldn't use the
constant acceleration formulas
to calculate velocities and dis-
(c) placements. Roughly how far,
and for how long, will the sky­
diver fall before we can't use
these formulas anymore? (b) Re­
peat the analysis for a mouse,
which has a terminal velocity of
about 1 m / s .
45 • • On June 1 6, 1999 Maurice
(f) Greene of the United States set
a new world's record for the

a� al __ a� 1 00-m dash with a time t = 9.79 s.

Suppose that he started from rest
at constant acceleration a and

� � �
reached his maximum velocity
in 3.00 s, which he then kept
until the finish line. What was the
(g) (h) (I) accelera tion a?
46 C HA P T E R 2 Motion in One Dimen s ion
46 . . IssMI The photograph in Figure 2-32 is a short-time
exposure (1 /30 s) of a juggler with two tennis balls in the air.
The telmis ball near the top of its trajectory is less blurred
than the lower one. Why is that? Can you estimate the speed
of the lower ball from the picture?
FI G U R E 2 · 3 2 Problem 46
47 • • Look up the speed at which a nerve impulse travels
through the body. Estimate the time between stubbing your
toe on a rock and feeling the pain due to this.
Speed, Displacement, and Velocity
48 • (a) An electron in a television tube travels the 16-cm
distance from the grid to the screen at an average speed of
4 X 107 m/s. How long does the trip take? (b) An electron
in a current-carrying wire travels at an average speed of
4 X 10-5 m/s. How long does it take to travel 16 cm?
49 • IssMI A runner runs 2.5 km, in a straight line, in
9 min and then takes 30 min to walk back to the starting point.
(a ) What is the rUlmer ' s average velocity for the first 9 min?
(b) What is the average velocity for the time spent walking?
(c) What is the average velocity for the whole trip? (d) What is
the average speed for the whole trip?
50 · A car travels in a straight line with an aver-
age velocity of 80 km/ h for 2.5 h and then with an average
velocity of 40 km/ h for 1 .5 h. (a) What is the total displacement
for the 4-h trip? (b) What is the average velocity for the total
trip?
51 • One busy air route across the Atlantic Ocean is
about 5500 km. (a ) How long does it take for a supersonic jet
flying at 2 times the speed of sound to make the trip? Use
340 m/s for the speed of sound. (b) How long does it take a
subsonic jet flying at 0.9 times the speed of sound to make the
same trip? (c) Allowing 2 h at each end of the trip for ground
travel, check-in, and baggage handling, what is your average
speed, door to door, when traveling on the supersonic jet?
(d) What is your average speed taking the subsonic jet?
52 • IssMI The speed of light, c, is 3 X 108 m/s. (a) How
long does it take for light to travel from the sun to the earth, a
distance of 1 .5 x 1 011 m? (b) How long does it take light to
travel from the moon to the earth, a distance of 3.84 x 108 m?
(c) A light-year is a unit of distance equal to that traveled by
light in 1 year. Convert 1 light-year into kilometers and miles.
53 • Proxima Centauri, a dim companion to Alpha
Centauri, is 4.1 X 1013 km away. From the vicinity of this star,
Gregor places an order at Tony's Pizza in Hoboken, New
Jersey, communicating via light Signals. Tony's fastest deliv­
ery craft travels at 1O-4c (see Problem 52). (a ) How long does it
take Gregor 's order to reach Tony's Pizza? (b) How long does
Gregor wait between sending the signal and receiving the
pizza? If Tony's has a 1000-years-or-it's-free delivery policy,
does Gregor have to pay for the pizza?
54 • A car making a 100-km journey travels 40 km/h for
the first 50 km. How fast must it go during the second 50 km
to average 50 km/h?
55 . . IssMI An archer fires an arrow, which produces a
muffled "thwok" as it hits a target. If the archer hears the
"thwok" exactly 1 s after firing the arrow and the average
speed of the arrow was 40 m i s, what was the distance sepa­
rating the archer and the target? Use 340 m/ s for the speed of
sound.
56 • • Jolm can run 6 m/s. Marcia can run 15% faster than
John. (a) By what distance does Marcia beat John in a 100-m
race? (b) By what time does Marcia beat John in a 100-m race?
57 • i � 1 Figure 2-33 shows the position of a parti-
cle as a function of time. Find the average velocities for the
time intervals a, b, c, and d indicated in the figure.
F I G U R E 2 · 3 3 Problem 57
X/ In
6
4
2
2 �, 14 i, s
,
-2 - --- .. .. .. .. .. - � .. .. .. .. .. .. � .. .. .. .. .. ..
-4
-6
-- a �- b � c -�- d -�
I 1 • I
58 • • It has been found that galaxies are moving away
from the earth at a speed that is proportional to their distance
from the earth. This discovery is known as Hubble's law. The
speed of a galaxy at a distance r from the earth is given by v =
Hi", where H is the Hubble constant, equal to 1 .58 X 10- 18 S-l .
What is the speed of a galaxy (a ) 5 X 10 22 m from earth and
(b) 2 X 1025 m from earth? (c) If each of these galaxies has trav­
eled with constant speed, how long ago were they both lo­
cated at the same place as the earth?

S9 • • IssMI i �- The cheetah can run as fast as VI =
113 km/h, the falcon can fly as fast as v2 = 1 6 1 km/h, and the
sailfish can swim as fast as V3 = 1 05 km/ h. The three of them
run a relay with each covering a distance L at maximum
speed. What is the average speed V of this relay team? Com­
pare this with the average of the three speeds.
60 • • Two cars are traveling along a straight road. Car A
maintains a constant speed of 80 km/h; car B maintains a con­
stant speed of 110 km/h. At t = 0, car B is 45 km behind car A .
How much farther will c a r A travel before it i s overtaken b y
c a r B?
61 •• IssMI A car traveling at a constant speed of 20 m/s
passes an intersection at time t = 0, and 5 s later another car
traveling at a constant speed of 30 m/ s passes the same inter­
section in the same direction. (a) Sketch the position functions
x, (t) and x2 (t) for the two cars. (b) Determine when the second
car will overtake the first. (c) How far from the intersection
will the two cars be when they pull even? (d) Where is the first
car when the second car passes the intersection?
62 • Joe and Sally tend to argue when they travel. Just as
they reached the moving sidewalk at the airport, their tem­
pers flared to a point where neither was talking to the other.
Though they stepped on the moving belt at the same time, Joe
chose to stand and ride, while Sally opted to keep walking.
Sally reached the end in 1 min, while Joe took 2 min. How
long would it have taken Sally if she had walked twice as fast
relative to the moving belt?
63 • • Margaret has j ust enough gas in her speedboat to
get to the marina, an upstream journey that takes 4.0 h. Find­
ing it closed for the season, she spends the next 8.0 h floating
back downstream (out of gas) to her shack. The entire trip took
12.0 h. How long would it have taken if she had bought gas at
the marina? Assume that the effect of the wind is negligible.
Acceleration
64 • I A BMW-M3 sports car can accelerate in
third gear from 48.3 km/ h (30 mi/h) to 80.5 km/h (50 mi/h)
in 3.7 s. (a ) What is the average acceleration of this car in
m/ S2 ? (b) If the car continued at this acceleration for another
second, how fast would it be moving?
6S • At t = 5 s, an object at x = 3 m has a velocity of
+5 m/s. At t = 8 s, it is at x 9 m and its velocity is - 1 m/s.
=
Find the average acceleration for this interval.
66 •• A particle moves with velocity v = (8 m/s2) t -
7 m / s. (a ) Find the average acceleration for two 1-s intervals,
one beginning at t = 3 s and the other beginning at t = 4 s.
(b) Sketch v versus t. What is the instantaneous acceleration at
any time?
67 • • i_ ' .I The position of a certain particle de-
pends on time according to the equation x(t) = t 2 - 5t + 1 ,
where x i s i n meters i f t i s in seconds. (a ) Find the displace­
ment and average velocity for the interval 3 s :=; t :=; 4 s.
(b) Find the general formula for the displacement for the time
interval from t to t + !::..t . (c) Use the limiting process to obtain
the instantaneous velocity for any time t.
Problems 47
68 .. ISSMI t " The position of an object is related to
time by x = At2 - B t + C, where A = 8 m/s2, B = 6 mis, and
C = 4 m. Find the instantaneous velocity and acceleration as
functions of time.
69 • • The one-dimensional motion of a particle is plotted
in Figure 2-34. ( a ) What is the average acceleration in the in­
tervals AB, BC, and CE? (b) How far is the particle from its
starting point after 10 s? (c) Sketch the displacement of the
particle as a function of time; label the instants A, B, C, D, and
E on your figure. (d) At what time is the particle traveling
most slowly?
F I G U R E 2 - 3 4 Problem 69
v, m/s
15
5
O r-����---L�--�-
t, s
-5
-1 5
Constant Acceleration and Free-Fall
70 • ISSMI An object projected upward with initial ve-
locity va attains a height 11. Another object projected up with
initial velocity 2 va will attain a height of (a) 4h, (b) 311, (c) 211,
(d) h.
71 • A car starting a t x = 50 m accelerates from rest a t a
constant rate of 8 m / S2 . (a ) How fast is it going after 10 s?
(b) How far has it gone after 10 s? (c) What is its average veloc­
ity for the interval 0 :=; t :=; 10 s?
72 • An object with an initial velocity of 5 m/s has a
constant acceleration of 2 m / s2 . When its speed is 15 mis,
how far has it traveled?
73 • IssMI An object with constant acceleration has a
velocity of 10 m / s when it is at x = 6 m and of 15 m/s when it
is at x = 10 m. What is its acceleration?
74 • The speed of an object increases at a constant rate
of 4 m/ s each second. At t = 0, its velocity is 1 m/ s and its po­
sition is x = 7 m. How fast is it moving when it is at x = 8 m
and what does t equal then?
7S •• i .I A ball is thrown upward with an initial
velocity of 20 m/ s. (a ) How long is the ball in the air? (Neglect
the height of the release point.) (b) What is the greatest height
reached by the ball? (c) How long after release is the baU 15 m
above the release point?
48 C H A PTE R 2 Motion in One Dimension
76 •• ./ In the Blackhawk landslide in California,
a mass of rock and mud fell 460 m down a mountain and then
traveled 8 km across a level plain. It has been theorized that
the rock and mud moved on a cushion of water vapor. Assume
that the mass dropped with the free-fall acceleration and then
slid horizontally, losing speed at a constant rate. (a) How long
did the mud take to drop the 460 m? (b) How fast was it travel­
ing when it reached the bottom? (c) How long did the mud
take to slide the 8 km horizontally?
77 • • IssMI A load of bricks is being lifted by a crane at a
steady velocity of 5 m / s when one brick falls off 6 m above
the ground. (a ) Sketch x(t) to show the motion of the free
brick. (b) What is the greatest height the brick reaches above
the ground? (c) How long does it take to reach the ground?
(d) What is its speed just before it hits the ground?
78 • • A bolt comes loose from underneath an elevator
that is moving upward at a speed of 6 m/s. The bolt reaches
the bottom of the elevator shaft in 3 s. (a ) How high up is the
elevator when the bolt comes loose? (b) What is the speed of
the bolt when it hits the bottom of the shaft?
79 . . IssMI An object is dropped from rest at a height of
120 m. Find the distance it falls during its final second in the
air.
80 •• An object is released from rest at a height h. During
the final second of its fall, it traverses a distance of 38 m. What
is h?
81 • IssMI A stone is thrown vertically from a 200-m-tall
cliff. During the last half second of its flight the stone travels a
distance of 45 m. Find the initial speed of the stone.
82 • • An object is released from rest at a height h. It trav­
els 0.411 during the first second of its descent. Determine the
average velocity of the object during its entire descent.
83 • • A bus accelerates at 1 .5 m/ S2from rest for 12 s. It
then travels at constant velocity for 25 s, after which it slows
to a stop with an acceleration of - 1 .5 m / s2 . (a ) How far does
the bus travel? (b) What is its average velocity?
84 • • IssMI It is relatively easy to use a spreadsheet pro-
gram such as Microsoft Excel to solve certain types of physics
problems. For example, you probably solved Problem 75 us­
ing algebra. Let's solve Problem 75 in a different way, this
time using a spreadsheet program. While we can solve this
problem using algebra, there are many places in physics
where we can't get an alternative solution so easily, and
have to rely on numerical methods like the one shown here.
(a ) Using Microsoft Excel or some other spreadsheet program,
generate a graph of the height versus time for the ball in
Problem 75 (thrown upward with an initial velocity of
20 m/s). Determine the maximum height, the time it was in
the air, and the time(s) when the ball is 15 m above the
ground by inspection (i.e., look at the graph and find them.)
(b) Now change the initial velocity to 10 m / s and find the
maximum height the ball reaches and the time the ball spends
in the air.
85 . . ISSMI i i Al and Bert are jogging side-by-side
on a trail in the woods at a speed of 0.75 m/s. Suddenly Al
sees the end of the trail 35 m ahead and decides to speed up to
reach it. He accelerates at a constant rate of 0.5 m/ S2, leaving
Bert behind, who continues on at a constant speed. (a) How
long does it take Al to reach the end of the trail? (b) Once he
reaches the end of the trail, he immediately turns around and
heads back along the trail with a constant speed of 0.85 m/s.
How long does it take him to reach Bert? ( c) How far are they
from the end of the trail when they meet?
86 • • Solve Problem 85, parts (b) and (c), using a
spreadsheet program.
• • A rocket is fired vertically with an upward acceler­
ation of 20 m/ S2 . After 25 s, the engine shuts off and the rocket
87
then continues rising (while in free-fall) . The rocket eventu­
ally stops rising and then falls back to the ground. Calculate
(a ) the highest point the rocket reaches, (b) the total time the
rocket is in the air, (c) the speed of the rocket just before it hits
the ground.
88 • • i ' . J A flowerpot falls from the ledge of an
apartment building. A person in an apartment below, coinci­
dentally holding a stopwatch, notices that it takes 0.2 s for the
pot to fall past his window, which is 4 m high. How far above
the top of the window is the ledge from which the pot fell?
89 • • IssMI In a classroom demonstration, a glider moves
along an inclined air track with constant acceleration. It is
projected from the start of the track with an initial velocity.
After 8 s have elapsed, it is 100 cm from its starting point and
is moving along the track at a velocity of - 15 cm/ s. Find the
initial velocity and the acceleration.
90 • • A rock dropped from a cliff falls one-third of its
total distance to the ground in the last second of its fall.
How high is the cliff?
• • A typical automobile under hard braking loses
speed at a rate of about 7 m/ S2; the typical reaction time to en­
91
gage the brakes is 0.50 s. A school board sets the speed limit in
a school zone to meet the condition that all cars should be able
to stop in a distance of 4 m. (a ) What maximum speed should
be allowed for a typical automobile? (b) What fraction of the
4 m is due to the reaction time?
92 • • Two trains face each other on adjacent tracks. They
are initially at rest, and their front ends are 40 m apart. The
2
train on the left accelerates rightward at 1 .4 m / S The train on
2
the right accelerates leftward at 2.2 m / S . How far does the
train on the left travel before the front ends of the trains pass?
93 • • Two stones are dropped from the edge of a 60-m
cliff, the second stone 1 .6 s after the first. How far below the
top of the cliff is the second stone when the separation be­
tween the two stones is 36 m?
94 • • ISSMI A motorcycle officer hidden at an intersection
observes a car that ignores a stop sign, crosses the intersec­
tion, and continues on at constant speed. The police officer
takes off in pursuit 2.0 s after the car has passed the stop sign,
accelerates at 6.2 m/s2 until her speed is 110 km/h, and then
continues at this speed until she catches the car. At that in­
stant, the car is 1 .4 km from the intersection. How fast was the
car traveling?

95 •• At t = 0, a stone is dropped from the top of a
cliff above a lake. Another stone is thrown downward 1.6 s later
from the same point with an initial speed of 32 m/s. Both stones
hit the water at the same instant. Find the height of the cliff.
96 • • • A passenger train is traveling at 29 m / s
when the engineer sees a freight train 360 m ahead of his train
traveling in the same direction on the same track. The freight
train is moving at a speed of 6 m / s . (a) If the reaction time of
the engineer is 0.4 s, what is the minimum rate at which the
passenger train must lose speed if a collision is to be avoided?
(b) If the engineer's reaction time is 0.8 s and the train loses
speed at the minimum rate described in part (a), what is the
relative speed with which the two trains collide? How far will
the passenger tra in have traveled in the time between the
sighting of the freight train and the collision?
97 • Intent on studying the effects of gravity near the
surface of the earth, a student launches a small projectile
straight up with a speed of 300 m / s . How high will the pro­
jectile rise? (Ignore air resistance. )
98 • IssMI At the end of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory,
Willie Wonka presses a button that shoots the great glass ele­
vator through the roof of his chocolate factory. (a) If the eleva­
tor reaches a maximum height of 10 km above the roof, what
was its speed immediately after crashing through the roof?
Ignore air resistance, even though in this case it makes little
sense to ignore it. (b) Assume that the elevator's speed j ust
after it crashes through the roof was half of what it was just
before its impact with the roof. Assuming that it started from
rest on the grow1d floor of the chocolate factory, and that the
height of the roof is 150 m above the grolU1d floor, what uni­
form acceleration is needed for it to reach this high speed?
99 • • The click beetle can project itself vertically with an
acceleration of about a = 400g (an order of magnitude more
than a human could stand). The beetle jumps by "unfolding"
its legs, which are about d = 0.6 cm long. How high can the
click beetle jump? How long is the beetle in the air? (Assume
constant acceleration while in contact with the ground, and
neglect air resistance.)
1 00 · ./ A test of the prototype of a new au tomo-
bile shows that the minimum distance for a controlled stop
from 98 km /h to zero is 50 m. Find the acceleration, assuming
it to be constant, and express your answer as a fraction of the
free-fall acceleration. How much time does the car take to stop?
1 0 1 . . IssMI Consider the motion of a particle that experi­
ences free-fa l l with a constant acceleration. Before the advent
of computer-driven data-logging software, we used to do a
free-fa l l experiment in which a coated tape was placed verti­
cally next to the path of a dropped conducting puck. A high­
voltage spark generator would cause an arc to jump between
two vertical wires through the falling puck and through the
tape, thereby marking the tape at fixed time intervals M.
Show that the change in height in successive time intervals
for an object falling from rest follows Calilea's Rule of Odd
Numbers: i1Y2 1 = 3i1yw i1Y32 = 5 i1yw . . . , where i1Yl0 is the
change in y during the first interval of duration M , i1Y 1 is the
2
change in !J during the second interval of duration M, etc.
Problems 49
1 02 •• A particle moves with a constant acceleration of
3 m/ S2 . At a time of 4 s, it is at a position of 1 00 m with respect
to some coordinate system; at a time of 6 s, it has a velocity of
15 m/ s. Find its position at a time of 6 S.
1 03 . . ISSMI i 1 ./ A plane landing on a small tropical
island has j ust 70 m of runway on which to stop. If its initial
speed is 60 mi s, (a) what is the minimum acceleration of the
plane during landing, assuming it to be constant? (b) How
long does it take for the plane to stop with this acceleration?
1 04 • • ./ An automobile accelerates from rest at
2 m/s2 for 20 s. The speed is then held constant for 20 s, after
which there is an acceleration of -3 m/s2 until the automobile
stops. What is the total distance traveled?
1 05 . . ISSMI i If it were possible for a spacecraft to
maintain a constant acceleration indefinitely, trips to the
planets of the Solar System could be undertaken in days or
weeks, while voyages to the nearer stars would only take a
few years. (a) Show that g, the magnitude of free-fa ll acceler­
ation on earth, is approximately 1 c . Y / y2 . (See Problem 52
for the definition of a light-year.) (b) Using data from the ta­
bles at the back of the book, find the time it would take for a
one-way trip from Earth to Mars (at Mars' closest approach
to Earth). Assume that the spacecraft starts from rest, travels
along a straight line, accelerates halfway at 19,and then flips
around and decelerates at 19 for the rest of the trip.
1 06 • i ./ The Stratosphere Tower in Las Vegas is
1137 ft high. It takes 1 min, 20 s to ascend from the ground
floor to the top of the tower using the high-speed elevator.
Assuming that the elevator starts and ends at rest, and
its acceleration has a constant magnitude when moving,
find the acceleration of the elevator. Express it in terms of
a multiple of the acceleration of gravity.
1 07 • • ./ A train pulls away from a station with a
constant acceleration of 0.4 m/s2. A passenger arrives at the
track 6.0 s after the end of the train has passed the very same
point. What is the slowest constant speed at which she can
run and catch the train? Sketch curves for the motion of the
passenger and the train as functions of time.
1 08 • • • Ball A is dropped from the top of a building at the
same instant that ball B is thrown vertically upward from the
ground. When the balls collide, they are moving in opposite
directions, and the speed of A is twice the speed of B. At what
fraction of the height of the building does the collision occur?
1 09 • • • Solve Problem 108 if the collision occurs when the
balls are moving in the same direction and the speed of A is
4 times that of B.
1 1 0 .. IssMI Starting at one station, a subway train
accelerates from rest at a constant rate of 1 . 0 m/s2 for half
the distance to the next station, then slows down at the
same rate for the second half of the journey. The total dis­
tance between stations is 900 m. (a) Sketch a graph of the
velocity v as a function of time over the full journey.
(b) Sketch a graph of the distance covered as a function of
time over the full journey. Place appropriate numerical values
on both axes.
50 C HAPTER 2 Motion in One Dimension

1s � t � 3 s. (d) The equation of the curve is v = (0.5 m/s3)t2

111 •• i-; ,T'""T
A speeder traveling at a constant speed of
1 25 km/ h races past a billboard. A patrol car pursues from Find the displacement of the particle for the interval 1 s � t �
rest with constant acceleration of (8 km/h) / s until it reaches 3 s by integration and compare this answer with your answer
its maximum speed of 190 km/h, which it maintains until it for part (b). Is the average velocity equal to the mean of the
catches up with the speeder. (a) How long does it take the pa­ initial and final velocities for this case?
trol car to catch the speeder if it starts moving just as the
speeder passes? (b) How far does each car travel? (c) Sketch
x(t) for each car. FI G U R E 2 - 3 5 Problem 116
1 1 2 • • When the patrol car in Problem 111 (traveling at
v, m/s
190 km/h), pulls within 100 m behind the speeder (traveling
at 125 km/h), the speeder sees the police car and slams on his 8
brakes, locking the wheels. (a) Assuming that each car can 7
brake at 6 m/ S2 and that the driver of the police car brakes in­ 6
stantly as she sees the brake lights of the speeder (reaction
a s), show that the cars collide. (b) At what time after
5
time =

4
the speeder applies his brakes do the two cars collide? (c) Dis­
cuss how reaction time affects this problem. 3
2
1 1 3 • • Urgently needing the cash prize, Lou enters the
Rest-to-Rest auto competition, in which each contestant's car
begins and ends at rest, covering a distance L in as short a 2 3 4 t, s
time as possible. The intention is to demonstrate mechanical
and driving skills, and to consume the largest amount of fos­
sil fuels in the shortest time possible. The course is designed
so that maximum speeds of the cars are never reached. (a) If
Lou's car has a maximum acceleration of a and a maximum
1 1 7 . . [SSM[ The velocity of a particle is given by v =
deceleration of 2a, then at what fraction of L should Lou move
(7 m / s3)t2 - 5 m is, where t is in seconds and v is in meters
his foot from the gas pedal to the brake? (b) What fraction of
per second. If the particle starts from the origin, Xo = 0, at to =
the time for the trip has elapsed at that point?
0, find the general position function x(t).
1 14 • • 1� { A physics professor demonstrates her 1 1 8 • • Consider the velocity graph in Figure 2-36. Assum­
ing x = a at t = 0, write correct algebraic expressions for x(t),
new "anti-gravity parachute" by exiting from a helicopter at
an altitude of 575 m with zero initial velocity. For 8 s, she falls
v(t), and a(t) with appropriate numerical values inserted for
freely. Then she switches on the "parachute" and her rate of
all constants.
descent slows at a constant rate of 15 m/ S2 until her downward
speed reaches 5 m i s, whereupon she adjusts her controls to
maintain that speed until she reaches the ground. (a) On a sin­
gle graph, sketch her acceleration and velocity as functions of F I G U R E 2 - 3 6 Problem 118
time. (Take upward to be positive.) (b) What is her speed at the
end of the first 8 s? (c) For how long is she losing speed? Vp m/s
(d) How far does she travel while losing speed? (e) How much
time is required for the entire trip from the helicopter to the
ground? (J) What is her average velocity for the entire trip?
o �------��---------+----
t, s

Integration of the Equations of Motion

115 • [SSM[ The velocity of a particle is given by v(t) =

(6 m/s2) t + (3 m/s). (a) Sketch v versus t and find the area
under the curve for the interval t = a to t 5 s. (b) Find the
=

position function x(t). Use it to calculate the displacement

during the interval t a to t = 5 S.
=
1 16 • Figure 2-35 shows the velocity of a particle versus
time. (a) What is the magnitude in meters represented by
the area of the shaded box? (b) Estimate the displacement
of the particle for the two 1-s intervals beginning at t = 1 s
and at t = 2 s. (c) Estimate the average velocity for the interval
1 1 9 • • • Figure 2-37 shows the acceleration of a particle ver­
sus time. (a) What is the magnitude, in m is, of the area of the
shaded box? (b) The particle starts from rest at t = O. Estimate
the velocity at t = 1 s, 2 s, and 3 s by counting the boxes under
the curve. (c) Sketch the curve v versus t from your results for
part (b), and using it, estimate how far the particle travels in
the interval t = a to t = 3 s.
 Problems Sl

FI G U R E 2 · 3 7 Problem 119 1 22 • • The acceleration of a certain rocket is given by a =

bt, where b is a positive constant. (a) Find the general position
function x(t). (b) Find the position and velocity at t = 5 s if x =
4 o and v = 0 at t = 0 and b = 3 m / s3 .

1 23 • • i In the time interval from 0.0 s to 10.0 s, the

3 acceleration of a particle is given by a = (0.20 m/ S3)t for one­
/'r""" dimensional motion. If a particle starts from rest at the origin,
2 / (a) calculate first its instantaneous velocity at any time during
the interval, then (b) calculate its average velocity over the time
1 / interval from 2.0 s to 7.0 s .
J 1 24 • Consider the motion of a particle that experiences a
oV nonconstant acceleration a given by a = ao + bt, where ao and b
o 1 2 3 4 t, s
are constant. (a) Find the instantaneous velocity as a function
of time. (b) Find the position as a function of time. (c) Find the
average velocity over the time interval with an initial time of
1 20 • • Figure 2-38 is a graph of v versus t for a particle zero and arbitrary final time t.
moving along a straight line. The position of the particle at
time to = 0 is Xo = 5 m. (a) Find x for various times t by count­
ing boxes, and sketch x as a function of t. (b) Sketch a graph of
the acceleration a as a function of the time t.
General Problems

F I G U R E 2 · 3 8 Problem 120 1 25 • • • The following apparatus is used in a sci-

ence class to determine the free-fall acceleration. Two photo­
m/s
v,
gates are set up, one at the edge of a table exactly 1 .0 m high,
8
the second one directly below it at a height of 0.5 m. A marble
is dropped through the photogates from the height of 1 m
6 above the floor (i.e., exactly the same as the height of the
� ....... table), starting a timer when it enters the first photogate and
4 1\ stopping it when it enters the second one. The magnitude of
1/ free-fall acceleration is determined by gexp = (1 m) / (ilt) 2,
2 1\
1/ where Llt is the time measured by the timer. A careless student
a 1\ sets up the first photogate 0.5 em below the edge of the table.
(Assume that the second photogate is properly placed at a
-2 height of 0.5 m.) What value of gexp will he determine? What
\ percentage difference does this represent from the accepted
-4 \ value at sea level?

-6 1 26 " · ISSMI The position of a body oscillating on a spring

o 2 3 4 5 6
1 21 . . IssMI Figure 2-39 shows a plot of x versus t for a
body moving along a straight line. Sketch rough graphs of v
as a function of t and a as a function of t for this motion.
7 8 9 10 t, S
is given by x = A sin wt, where A and w are constants with
values A = 5 cm and w = 0.1 75 S-1. (a) Plot x as a function of
t for 0 :5 t :5 36 s. (b) Measure the slope of your graph at t = 0
to find the velocity at this time. (c) Calculate the average
velocity for a series of intervals beginning at t = 0 and ending
at t = 6, 3, 2, 1 , 0.5, and 0.25 s. (d) Compute dx/dt and find the
velocity at time t = O. (e) Compare your results in parts
(c) and (d).

FI G U R E 2 · 3 9 Problem 121 1 27 . . . i Consider an object that is attached to a

driving motor so that the object moves with a velocity given
x by v = v max sin(wt), where w is in radians /so (a) What is the
acceleration of the object and is it constant? (b) At t = 0, the
position is xo. What is the position as a function of time?
1 28 • • • Su ppose the accelera tion of a particle is a function
of x, where a(x) = (2 S -2) X. (a) If the velocity at x = 1 m is zero,
what is the speed of the particle at x = 3 m? (b) How long does
it take the particle to travel from x = 1 m to x = 3 m?
52 C HA P T E R 2 Motion in One Dimension
1 29 • • • Suppose that a particle moves in a straight line
such that, at each instant of time, its position and velocity
have the same numerical value if expressed in SI units. (a) Ex­
press the position x as a function of time t. (b) Show that at
each instant of time the acceleration has the same numerical
value as the position and velocity.
1 30 • • • A small rock sinking through water experiences an
exponentially decreasing acceleration as a function of time
given by a (t) = ge - bt, where b is a positive constant that de­
pends on the shape and size of the rock and the physical prop­
erties of the water. Based upon this result, derive an expres­
sion for the position of the rock as a function of time. Assume
that its initial velocity is 0.
1 3 1 · " ISSMI In Problem 130, a rock falls through water
with a continuously decreasing acceleration of the form a(t) =
ge-bt, where b is a positive constant. In physics, we are not of­
ten given acceleration directly as a function of time, but usu­
ally either as a function of position or of velocity. Assume that
the rock's acceleration as a function of velocity has the form
a = g - bv where g is the magnitude of free-fall acceleration
and v is the rock's speed. Prove that if the rock has an initial
velocity v = ° at time t = 0, it will have the dependence on
tim.e given above.
1 32 • • • The acceleration of a skydiver jumping from an air­
plane is given by the formula a = g - cv2, where c is a constant
depending on the skydiver's cross-sectional area and the den­
sity of the surrounding atmosphere she is diving through.
(a) If her initial speed is ° when j umping from the plane, show
that her speed as a function of time is given by the formula
v ( t) = vr tanh ( t / T) , where vT is the terminal velocity
(VT = Vi7C) and T = v T/g is a time scale determining very
roughly the time it takes for her speed to approach vT. (b) Use
a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel to graph v(t)
as a function of time, using a terminal velocity of 56 m/s (use
this to calculate c and T ) . Does the resulting curve make
sense?