Summary 7S

SUMMARY

Topic Relevant Equations and Rem a rks

1. Vectors

Definition Vectors are quantities that have both magnitude and direction. Vectors add like
consecutive displacements.

Components The component of a vector in a direction in space is its projection on an axis in that di­
rection. If A makes an angle e with the positive x direction, its x and y components are

Ar = A cos e 3-2
Ay = A sin e 3-3

Magnitude A = VN x
+ Ny 3-5a

Adding vectors graphically Any two vectors whose magnitudes have the same units may be added graphically
by placing the tail of one arrow at the head of the other.

Adding vectors using components If C= A + B, then

Cr = Ar + Br 3-6a
and
3-6b

Unit vectors A vector A can be written in terms of unit vectors l , i, and k, which have unit magni­
tude and lie along the x, y, and z axes, respectively

A = AJ + AJ + AJe 3-7

Position vector The position vector r points from the origin of the coordinate system to the particle's
position.

Instantaneous-velocity vector The velocity vector v is the rate of change of the position vector. Its magnitude is the
speed and it points in the direction of motion.

Ar dr
11111 -
.
v = = -
�
3-12
ilI--.O At dt

AV dv
a = = -
--->
Instantaneous-acceleration vector lirn -- 3-16
llHO At dt

2. Relative Velocity If a particle moves with velocity vpA relative to reference frame A, which is in turn
moving with velOCity vA U relative to reference frame B, the velocity of the particle rel­
ative to B is

3-14

3. Projectile Motion The positive x direction is horizontal and the positive y direction is upward for the
equations in this section.

Independence of motion In projectile motion, the horizontal and vertical motions are independent. Thus,

Or =a and
76 C H A PTE R 3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

Dependence on time 2-14

2-16
where ax = 0, ay = - g, vax = va cos 80, and VOIj = va sin 80, Alternatively,

3-20c, 3-21c

where g = -gf

Range The range is found by multiplying Vx by the total time the projectile is in the air.

3. Circular Motion

2
V
Centripetal acceleration a = ­ 3-24
r
C

Tangential acceleration

where v is the speed. 3-26

2m"
Period v =
T
- 3-25

P R OBLEM S

• Single-concept, single-step, relatively easy In a few problems, you are given more
• • Intermediate-level, may require synthesis of concepts data than you actually need; in a few

• • • Challenging other problems, you are required to

supply data from your general
IssMI Solution is in the Student Solutions Manual
knowledge, outside sources, or
i Problems a vailable on iSOLVE online homework service
informed estimates.
iEE I tI These "Checkpoint" online homework service problems ask students
a dditional questions about their confidence level, and how they arrived
at their answer

Conceptual Problems 6 • IssMI Can a vector be equal to zero and still have
one or more components not equal to zero?

1 • IssMI Can the magnitude of the displacement of a 7 · Are the components of C, where C =
particle be less than the distance traveled by the particle along A + B, necessarily larger than the corresponding components
its path? Can its magnitude be more than the distance trav­ of either A or B?
eled? Explain.
8 • IssMI True or false: The instantaneous-acceleration
2 • Give an example in which the distance traveled is a vector is always in the direction of motion.
• If an object is moving toward the west at some i n ­
significant amount, yet the corresponding displacement is 9
zero. stant, in what direction is its acceleration? (a) North (b) East
3 • What is the approximate average velocity of the (c) West (d) South (e) May be any direction.
10
race cars during the Indianapolis 500? • i A golfer drives the ball from the tee down
4 · True or false: The magnitude of the sum of the fairway in a high arcing shot. When the ball is at the high­
two vectors m.ust be greater than the magnitude of either vector. est point of its flight, (a) its velocity and acceleration are both
zero, (b) its velocity is zero but its acceleration is nonzero,
5 • Can a component of a vector have a magnitude
(c) its velOcity is nonzero but its acceleration is zero, (d) its
greater than the magnitude of the vector? Under what cir­
velocity and acceleration are both nonzero, (e) insufficient
cumstances can a component of a vector have a magnitude
information is given to answer correctly.
equal to the magnitude of the vector?

11 • The velocity of a particle is in the eastward direc-
tion while the acceleration is directed toward the northwest
as shown in Figure 3-37. The particle is (a) speeding up and
turning toward the north, (b) speeding up and turning toward
the south, (c) slowing down and turning toward the north,
(d) slowing down and turning toward the south, (e) maintain­
ing constant speed and turning toward the south.
FIGURE 3-37
Problem 11
�
a 1 ,
,
' t2 - t1 is small and t1 < tlow < t2 · From your drawing find the
w .
- ----- ------- - - -----
1 v E
s1
12 • IssMI Assuming constant acceleration, if you know
the position vectors of a particle at two points on its path and
also know the time it took to move from one point to the
other, you can then compute (a) the particle's average veloc­
ity, (b) the particle's average acceleration, (c) the particle's
instantaneous velocity, (d) the particle's instantaneous accel­
eration, (e) insufficient information is given to describe the
particle's motion.
13 •• Consider the path of a particle as it moves in space.
(a) How is the velocity vector related geometrically to the
path of the particle? (b) Sketch a curved path and draw the
velocity vector for the particle for several positions along
the path.
14 • The acceleration of a car is zero when it is (a) turn-
ing right at a constant speed, (b) driving up a long straight
incline at constant speed, (c) topping the crest of a hill at con­
stant speed, (d) bottoming out at the lowest point of a valley
at constant speed, (e) speeding up as it descends a long
straight decline.
15 • IssMI Give examples of motion in which the direc-
tions of the velocity and acceleration vectors are (a) opposite,
(b) the same, and (c) mutually perpendicular.
16 · How is it pOSSible for a particle moving at
constant speed to be accelerating? Can a particle with con­
stant velocity be accelerating at the same time?
• • Imagine throwing a dart straight upward so that it
17
sticks into the ceiling. After it leaves your hand, it steadily
slows down as it rises before it sticks. ( a ) Draw the dart's
velocity vector at times t 1 and t2, where M = t2 - t1 is small.
From your drawing find the direction of the change in veloc­
ity t,,'O = '02 - '01, and thus the direction of the acceleration
vector. (b) After it has stuck in the ceiling for a few seconds,
the dart falls down to the floor. As it falls it speeds up, of
course, until it hits the floor. Repeat part (a) to find the direc­
tion of its acceleration vector as it falls. (c) Now imagine
tossing the dart horizontally. What is the direction of its accel­
eration vector after it leaves your hand, but before it strikes
the floor?
Problems 77
18 .. IssMI As a bungee jumper approaches the lowest
point in her descent, the rubber band holding her stretches
and she loses speed as she continues to move downward.
Assuming that she is dropping straight down, make a motion
diagram to find the direction of her acceleration vector as she
slows down by drawing her velocity vectors at times t1 and t2,
where t"t = t2 - t1 is small. From your drawing find the direc­
tion of the change in velocity t,,'O '02 - '01, and thus the di­
=
rection of the acceleration vector.
19 • • After reaching the lowest point in her jump at time
tlow'the bungee jumper in Problem 18 moves upward, gaining
speed for a short time until gravity again dominates her mo­
tion. Draw her velocity vectors at times t1 and t 2, where M =
direction of the change in velocity t,,'O = '02 - '01, and thus the
direction of the acceleration vector.
20 • A river is 0.76 km wide. The banks are straight and
parallel (Figure 3-38). The current is 4.0 km/ h and is parallel
to the banks. A boat has a maximum speed of 4 km /h in still
water. The pilot of the boat wishes to go on a straight line
from A to B, where AB is perpendicular to the banks. The pilot
should (a) head d irectly across the river, (b) head 53° up­
stream from the line AB, (c) head 37° upstream from the line
AB, (d) give up-the trip from A to B is not possible with a
boat of this limited speed, (e) do none of the above.
FIGURE 3-38 B
Problem 20
1
4 km/h
current
0 .76
km
I
A
21 • IssMI True or false: When a projectile is fired hori-
zontally, it takes the same amount of time to reach the grow1d
as an identical projectile dropped from rest from the same
height. Ignore the effects of air resistance.
22 · A projectile is fired at 35° above the hori-
zontal. At the h.ighest point in its trajectory, its speed is 200 m/s.
The initial velocity had a horizontal component of (a) 0;
(b) (200 m/s) cos 35°; (c) (200 m / s) sin 35°; (d) (200 m/s)/
cos 35°; (e) 200 m/s. Neglect the effects of air resistance.
23 • Figure 3-39 represents the parabolic trajectory of a
ball going from A to E. What is the direction of the accelera­
tion at point B? (a) Up and to the right (b) Down and to the left
(c) Straight up (d) Straight down (e) The acceleration of the
ball is zero. C
FIGURE 3 - 3 9
Problems 23 and 24
A E
24 • Referring to the motion described in Problem 23,
(a) at which point(s) is the speed the greatest? (b) At which
point(s) is the speed the lowest? (c) At which two points is the
speed the same? Is the velocity the same at those points?
78 C HAPTE R 3 Motion in Two and Three Dimen s ion s

25 • True or false: 30 • • IssMI Two cannons are pointed directly toward

(a) If the speed is constant, the acceleration B,ust be zero.
(b) If the acceleration is zero, the speed must be constant.
26 • The initial and final velocities of an object are as
shown in Figure 3-40. Indicate the direction of the average
accelera tion.
F I G U R E 3 · 4 0 Problem 26
each other as shown in Figure 3-43. When fired, the calUlon­
balls will follow the trajectories shown-P is the point where
the trajectories cross each other. If we want the cannonballs to
hit each other, should the gun crews fire cannon A first,
cannon B first, or should they fire simultaneously? Ignore the
effects of air resistance.
F I G U R E 3 · 4 3 Problem 30
B

27 • The velocities of objects A and B are shown in

Figure 3-41 . Draw a vector that represents the velocity of B
relative to A. 31 • • Galileo wrote the following in his Dialogue COI1-
F I G U R E 3 · 4 1 Problem 27 cerning the two world systems: "Shut yourself up . . . in the
main cabin below decks on some large ship, and . . . hang up
a bottle that empties drop by drop into a wide vessel
beneath it. When you have observed [this] carefully . . . have
the ship proceed with any speed you like, so long as the
V,I ....
.- . ------ motion is uniform and not fluctuating this way and
that. . . . The droplets will fall as before into the vessel
beneath without dropping towards the stern, although while
the drops are in the air the ship runs many spans. " Explain
this quotation.
28 . . 155MI A vector A(t) has a constant magnitude but is 32 • A man swings a stone attached to a rope in a hori-
changing direction. (a) Find dA/dt in the following manner: zontal circle at constant speed. Figure 3-44 represents the path
Draw the vectors A(t + flt) and A(t) for a small time interval of the rock 100kil1g down from above. (a) Which of the vectors
flt, and find the difference flA = A (t + M) - A (t) graphi­ A to E could represent the velocity of the stone? (b) Which
cally. How is the direction of flA related to A for small time could represent the acceleration?
intervals? (b) Interpret this result for the special cases where
A represents the position of a particle with respect to some co­
ordinate system. (c) Could Ii' represent a velocity vector? F I G U R E 3 · 4 4 Problem 32
Explain.
29 • • The automobile path shown in Figure 3-42 is made
up of straight lines and arcs of circles. The automobile starts
from rest at point A. After it reaches point B, it travels at con­
stant speed until it reaches point E. It comes to rest at point F. ..
,
(a) At the middle of each segment (AB, BC, CD, DE, and EF), ,
,
what is the direction of the velocity vector? (b) At which of ,
,
these points does the automobile have an acceleration? In ,
,
those cases, what is the direction of the acceleration? (c) How ,
do the magnitudes of the acceleration compare for segments I
,
BC and DE? ,
,
\
I
\
y ,
FIG U R E 3 · 4 2
, ,
Problem 29 , ,
"
C D "
'
.",. '
E .... _ - - - '

F 33 • True or false: An object calUlot move in a circle un-

less it is accelerating.
A 34 • • Using a motion diagram, find the direction of the
x acceleration of the bob of a pendulum when the bob is at a
point where it is j ust reversing its direction.
 Problems 79

3S • The speed of a batted baseball immediately after
being struck can reach 1 1 0 mph. Let's say that the baseball
has a "launch angle" of 35°, which is fairly typical for the
sport. Naively using the range equation (Equation 3-23) to
calculate the distance the ball will travel, we find a range of
760 ft (232 m)! In reality, it will only travel about 400 ft. Can
you give a reason why the range equation breaks down so
badly here? Be specific: If you can, look up the terlllillal speed
for a baseball.
Estimation and Approximation
42 • A Scout walks 2.4 km due east from camp, then
turns left and walks 2.4 km along the arc of a circle centered at
the campsite, and finally walks 1 .5 km directly toward the
camp . (a) How far is the Scout from camp at the end of his
walk? (b) In what direction is the Scout's position relative to
the campsite? (e) What is the ratio of the final magnitude of
the displacement to the total distance walked?
43 • A velocity vector has an x component of +5.5 m/s
and a y component of -3.5 m/s. Which diagram in Figure 3-46
shows the direction of the vector correctly?
F I G U R E 3 - 4 6 Problem 43

Ij Ij Ij
36 •• IssMI Estimate how far you can throw a ball if you
throw it (a) horizontally while standing on level ground, (b) at
e = 45° while standing on level ground, (e) horizontally from
the top of a building 12 m high, (d) at e = 45° from the top of a x x

building 12 m high.
37 •• i In 1978, G eoff Capes of Great Britain threw
a heavy brick a horizontal distance of 44.5 m. Find the ap­
proximate velocity of the brick at the highest point of its
(a) (b) (c) (d)
flight, neglecting the effects of air resistance.
(e) Nonc of the above.
Vectors, Vector Addition, and Coordinate Systems
44 . Three vectors A, B, and C have the fol­
lowing x and y components: Ax = 6, A� = -3; By = - 3, By = 4;
38 • A wall clock has a minute hand that has a length of
0.5 m and an hour hand with a length of 0.25 m. Taking the
C, = 2, Cy = 5. The magnitude of A + B + C is (a) 3.3, (b) 5.0,
(e) 11, (d) 7.8, (e) 14.
center of the clock as the origin, and choosing an appropriate
coordinate system, write the position of the hour and minute 4S • Find the rectangular components of the following
hands as vectors when the time reads (a) 1 2:00, (b) 3:30, vectors A which lie in the xy plane and make an angle e with
(e) 6:30, (d) 7: 15. (e) Call the position of the tip of the minute the x axis (Figure 3-47) if (a) A = 10 m, e = 30°, (b) A = 5 m,
hand A and the position of the tip of the hour hand B. Find e = 45°, (c) A = 7 km, e = 60°, (d) A = 5 km, e = 90°, (e) A =
A - B for the times given in (a)-(d) above. 15 km/s, e = 1 50°, (j) A = 1 0 m i s, e = 240°, (g) A = 8 m/s2,
39 • IssMI A bear walks northeast for 12 m and then east e = 270°.
for 12 m. Show each displacement graphically and find the re­ FIGURE 3-47 Ij
sultant displacement vector graphically, as in Example 3-2(a). Problem 45
40 · .I A circular arc is centered at x = 0, y = O.
(a) A student walks along the circular arc from the position
x = 5 m, y = 0 to a final position x = 0, y = 5 m. What is her
displacement? (b) A second student walks from the same ini­ x

tial position along the x axis to the origin and then along the
y axis to y = 5 m and x = O . What is his displacement?
41 • IssMI i .I
For the two vectors A and B of 46 • IssMI Vector A has a magnitude of 8 m at an angle
Figure 3-45, find the following graphically as in Example 3- of 37° with the positive x axis; vector B = (3 m)1 - (5 m)j ;
2(a): (a) A + B, (b) A - B, (e) 2A + H, (d) IJ - A, (e) 2B - A. .0
vec�r S = 1-;- 6 n§ � (3 !!;)j . �,indJhe f 10w�g vectors:
(a) D = A + C , (b) E = B - A, (e) F = A - 2B + 3 C , (d) a vec-
� -4 � � ----+ �

tor G such that G - B = A + 2C + 3G .

F I G U R E 3 - 4 5 Problem 41
47 • • Find the magnitude and direction of the following
y vectors: (a) A = 51 + 3j, (b) B = 10i - 7j, (e) C = - 21 - 3j +
41<.
48 • Find the magnitude and direction of A, B, and C =
A + H for (a) A = - 41 - 7j, B = 3i - 2j, and (b) A = 11 - 4j,
H = 21 + 6j.
x

49 • Describe the following vectors Llsing the unit vec­

tors 1 and j: (a) a velocity of 10 m / s at an angle of elevation of
60°, (b) a vector A of magnitude A = 5 m and e = 225°, (e) a
displacement from the origin to the point x = 14 m, y = - 6 m.
80 C H A PTE R 3 Motion in Two ond Three Dimensions
50 • For the vector it = 3I + 41, find any three other
vectors B that also lie in the xy plane and have the property
that A = B but it *- B. Write these vectors in terms of their
components and show them graphically.
51 .. IssMI The faces of a cube with 3-m-Iong edges are
parallel to the coordinate planes. The cube has one corner at
the origin. A fly begins at the origin and walks along three
edges lmtil it is at the far corner. Write the displacement vector
of the fly using the unit vectors I, J, and k, and find the mag­
nitude of this displacement.
52 • IssMI A ship at sea receives radio signals from two
transmitters A and B, which are 100 km apart, one due south
of the other. The direction finder shows that transmitter A is
e = 30° south of east, while transmitter B is due east. Calcu­
late the distance between the ship and transmitter B.
Velocity and Acceleration Vectors
53 • A stationary radar operator determines that a ship
is 10 km south of him. An hour later the same ship is 20 km
southeast. If the ship moved at constant speed and always in
the same direction, what was its velocity during this time?
54 • A particle's position coordinates (x, y) are (2 m,
3 m) at t = 0; (6 m, 7 m) at t = 2 s; and (13 m, 14 m) at t = 5 s.
(a) Find the average velocity vav from t = 0 to t = 2 s. (b) Find
vav from t = 0 to t = 5 S.
55 • ISSMI i 1 ./ A particle moving at a velocity of
4.0 m / s in the positive x direction is given an acceleration of
3.0 m / s2 in the positive y direction for 2.0 s. The final speed of
the particle is (a ) -2.0 m is, (b) 7.2 m is, (c) 6.0 m i s, (d) 10 mis,
(e) none of the above.
56 • Initially, a particle is moving due west with a speed
of 40 m / s; 5 s later it is moving due north with a speed of
30 m/s. (a) What was the change in the magnitude of the par­
ticle's velocity during this time? (b) What was the change in
the direction of the velocity? (c) What are the magnitude and
direction of 6.v for this interval? (d) What are the magnitude
and direction of aav for this interval?
57 • At t = 0, a particle located at the origin has a veloc-
ity of 40 m / s at e = 45°. At t = 3 s, the particle is at x = 100 m
and y = 80 m with a velocity of 30 m / s at e 50°. Calculate
=
(a) the average velocity and (b) the average acceleration of the
particle during this interval.
58 • • IssMI i ./ A particle moves in the xy plane
with constant acceleration. At time zero, the particle is at x =
4 m, y 3 m and has velocity v = (2 m/ s)I + ( - 9 m / s)f . The
= the north at 5 m/s. Your plane can maintain an airspeed of
acceleration is given by a = (4 m / s2); + (3 m / s2); ' (a ) Find
the velocity at t 2 s. (b) Find the position at t = 4 s. Give the
= wind on the first leg and downwind on the trip back, or across
magnitude and direction of the position vector.
59 •• A particle has a position vector given by
by f = (30t)I + (40t - 5t2)1 , where r is in meters and t is in
seconds. Find the instantaneous-velocity and instantaneous­
acceleration vectors as functions of time t.
60 •• A particle has a constant acceleration of a
(6 m / s2)! + (4 m / s2);' At time t = 0, the velocity is zero and
the position vector is fa = (10 m)I. (a) Find the velocity and
position vectors at any time t. (b) Find the equation of the par­
ticle's path in the xy plane and sketch the path.
61 • • • Starting from rest at a dock, a motor boat
heads north while accelerating at a constant 3 m/ S2 for 20 s.
The boat then turns west at the speed that it had at 20 s and
travels west at this constant speed for 10 s. (a ) What was
the average velocity of the boat during the 30-s trip? (b) What
was the average acceleration of the boat during the 30-s trip?
(c) What is the displacement of the boat from the dock at the
end of the 30-s trip?
62 • • • IssMI Mary and Robert decide to rendezvous on
Lake Michigan. Mary departs in her boat from Petoskey at
9:00 A.M. and travels due north at 8 mi/h. Robert leaves from
his home on the shore of Beaver Island, 26 mi, 30° west of
north of Petoskey, at 10:00 A.M. and travels at a constant speed
of 6 mi/h. In what direction should Robert be heading to i.n­
tercept Mary, and where and when will they meet?
Relative Velocity
63 • • A plane flies at an airspeed of 250 km/h. There is a
wind blowing at 80 km/h in the northeast direction at exactly
45° to the east of north. (a ) In what direction should the plane
head in order to fly due north? (b) What is the speed of the
plane relative to the ground?
64 •• ./ A swimmer heads directly across a river,
swimming at 1 . 6 m / s relative to the water. She arrives at a
point 40 m downstream from the point directly across the
river, which is 80 m wide. (a) What is the speed of the river
current? (b) What is the swimmer 's speed relative to the
shore? (c) In what direction should the swimmer head to ar­
rive at the point directly opposite her starting point?
65 • • IssMI A small plane departs from point A heading
for an airport 520 km due north at point B. The airspeed of the
plane is 240 km/h and there is a steady wind of 50 km/h
blowing northwest to southeast. Determine the proper head­
ing for the plane and the time of flight.
66 •• ./ Two boat landings are 2.0 km apart on
the same bank of a stream that flows at 1 .4 km/h. A motor­
boat makes the round trip between the two landings in
50 min. What is the speed of the boat relative to the water?
• • In radio-controlled model airplane competition
67
each plane must fly from the center of a 1-km-radius circle to
any point on the circle and back to the center. The wilmer is
the plane with the shortest round-trip time. The contestants
are free to fly their planes along any route so long as the plane
begins at the center, travels to the circle, and then returns to
the center. On the day of the race, a steady wind blows out of
15 m/ s. Strategy is paramount. Should you fly your plane up­
the wind flying east and then west? Optimize your chances by
calculating the round-trip time for both routes.
68 · The pilot of a small plane maintains an air
speed of 150 kts (knots, or nautical miles per hour) and wants
to fly due north (000°) with respect to the earth. If a wind of
30 kts is blowing from the east (090°), calculate the heading
=
(azimuth) the pilot must take.
69 • • IssMI Car A is traveling east at 20 m / s toward an in­
tersection. As car A crosses the intersection, car B starts from
rest 40 m north of the intersection and moves south with a

constant acceleration of 2 mlS2. Six seconds after A crosses the
intersection find (a) the position of B relative to A, (b) the
velocity of B relative to A, (c) the acceleration of B relative to A.
70 ... IssMI A tennis racket is held horizontally and a ten-
nis ball is held above the racket. When the ball is dropped
from rest, and bounces off the strings of the racket, the ball
always rebounds to 64% of its initial height. (a) Express the
speed of the tennis ball just after it bounces as some fraction
of the speed of the ball just before the bounce. (b) The tennis
ball is now thrown up into the air and served using the same
racket. Assuming the ball's pre-impact speed is zero, and that
the racket's speed through impact is 25 mis, with what speed
does the tennis ball come off the racket strings? Hint: Using the
results of part (a), solve for the post-impact speed of the ball in the
reference frame of the racket, and then calculate the ball's speed in
. the reference frame of the earth. (c) From some well-established
laws of physics, we never see a ball bounce higher than the
point from which it was released. From this, can you give an
upper bound on the speed of a served tennis ball in relation to
the speed of the racket, no matter how well the racket is de­
signed? (We will see later that these results can be explained
in a different context: the idea of conservation of momentum.)
Circular Motion and Centripetal Acceleration
71 • What is the acceleration of the extreme tip of the
minute hand of the clock in Problem 38? Express it as a frac­
tion of the magnitude of free-fall acceleration g.
72 • A centrifuge spins at a rate of 15,000 rev I min.
(a) Calculate the centripetal acceleration of a test-tube sample
held in the centrifuge arm 15 cm from the rotation axis. (b) It
takes 1 min, 15 s for the centrifuge to spin up to its maximum
rate of revolution from rest. Calculate the magnitude of the
tangential acceleration of the centrifuge while it is spinning
up, assuming that the tangential acceleration is constant.
An object resting on the equator has an acceleration
73 •
toward the center of the earth due to the earth's rotational
motion about its axis, and an acceleration toward the sun due
to the earth's orbital motion. Calculate the magnitudes of
both of these accelerations, and express them as a fraction of
the magnitude of free-fall acceleration g. Use values from the
physical-data table in the textbook.
74 •• IssMI Determine the acceleration of the moon to-
ward the earth, using values for its mean distance and orbital
period from the physical-data table in the textbook. Assume a
circular orbit. Express the acceleration as a fraction of the
magnitude of free-fall acceleration g.
75 • A boy whirls a ball on a string in a horizontal circle
of radius 0.8 m. How many revolutions per minute does the
ball make if the magnitude of its centripetal acceleration is g
(the magnitude of the free-fall acceleration)?
Projectile Motion and Projectile Range
76 • A pitcher throws a fastball at 140 km/h (about
87 mi/h) toward home plate, which is 18.4 m away. Neglect­
ing air resistance (not a good idea if you are the batter), how
far does the ball drop because of gravity by the time it reaches
home plate?
Problems 81
77 • A projectile is launched with speed va at an angle of
80 with the horizontal. Find an expression for the maximum
height it reaches above its starting point in terms of va' 80,
and g.
78 .. IssMI A carIDonball is fired with initial speed va at
an angle 30° above the horizontal from a height of 40 m above
the ground. The projectile strikes the ground with a speed of
1.2vo· Find va.
79 • • In Figure 3-48, if x is 50 m and h 10 m, what is the
=
minimum initial speed of the dart if it is to hit the monkey be­
fore hitting the ground, which is 11.2 m below the initial posi­
tion of the monkey?
FIGURE 3·48 Problem79
"" , Dart
!+------X------I
80 • • A projectile is fired with an initial speed of 53 ml S.
Find the angle of projection such that the maximum height of
the projectile is equal to its horizontal range.
81 • • A ball thrown into the air lands 40 m away 2.44 s
later. Find the direction and magnitude of the initial velocity.
82 • • IssMI i I Consider a ball that is thrown with
.
initial speed Vo at an angle 8 above the horizontal. If we con­
sider its speed v at some height h above the ground, show that
v(h) is independent of 8.
83 • • At � of its maximum height, the speed of a projectile
is i of its initial speed. What was its launch angle?
84 . ./ A cargo plane is flying horizontally at an
altitude of 12 km with a speed of 900 km/h when a large crate
falls out of the rear loading ramp. (a) How long does it take
the crate to hit the ground? (b) How far horizontally is the
crate from the point where it fell off when it hits the ground?
(c) How far is the crate from the aircraft when the crate hits
the ground, assuming that the plane continues to fly with
constant velocity?
85 • • IssMI i Wile E. Coyote (Carnivorous hungri­
bilous) is chasing the Roadrunner (Speedibus cantcatchmi) yet
again. While running down the road, they come to a deep
gorge, 15 m straight across and 100 m deep. The Roadrunner
launches itself across the gorge at a launch angle of 15° above
the horizontal, and lands with 1.5 m to spare. (a) What
was the Roadrunner 's launch speed? Ignore air resistance.
(b) Wiley Coyote launches himself across the gorge with the
same initial speed, but at a different launch angle. To his
horror, he is short the other lip by 0.5 m. What was his launch
angle? (Assume that it was lower than 15°.)
82 C HAP T E R 3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

86 • A caLU10n is elevated at an angle of 45°. It fires a ball 95 • IssMI In a science fiction short story written in the
with a speed of 300 m/s. (a) What height does the ball reach? 1970s, Ben Bova described a conflict between two hypotheti­
(b) How long is the ball in the air? (c) What is the horizontal cal colonies on the moon-one founded by the United States
range of the cannon? and the other by the USSR. In the story, colonists from each
side started firing bullets at each other, only to find to their
87 • • A stone thrown horizontally from the top of a 24-m
horror that their rifles had a high enough muzzle velocity that
tower hits the ground at a point 18 m from the base of the
the bullets went into orbit. (a) If the magnitude of free-fall ac­
tower. (a ) Find the speed with which the stone was thrown.
celeration on the moon is 1.67 m/s2, what is the maximum
(b) Find the speed of the stone just before it hits the ground.
range of a rifle bullet with a muzzle velocity of 900 mls?
88 •• A projectile is fired into the air from the (Assume the curvature at the surface of the moon is negligi­
top of a 200-m cliff above a valley (Figure 3-49). Its initial ve­ ble.) (b) What would the muzzle velocity have to be to send
locity is 60 mls at 60° above the horizontaL Where does the the bullet into a circular orbit just above the surface of the
projectile land? moon? (You will first need to look up the radius of the moon.)
96 • • • In the text, we calculated the range for a projectile
FIGURE 3·49 Problem88
that lands at the same elevation from which it is fired as R =

, ---- - - .... ... .... (vG I g) sin 2eo' Show that the change in the range for a small
" ....
" " change in free-fall acceleration is given by !:J.RIR = !:J.gIg.
"
-

vo=60m/s " 97 • • • In the text, we calculated the range for a projectile

, that lands at the same elevation from which it is fired as R =

,
, (vGI g) sin 2Bu' Show that the change in the range for a small

1
, change in launch velocity is given by !:J.RIR 2!:J.volvo'
,
=

\
\ 98 • • • In the text, we calculated the range for a projectile
\ that lands at the same elevation from which it is fired as R
200 m
=

\
\ (vGlg)sin 2Bu' Show that the range for the more general prob­

L
,
--- Range = ? - ----- .......
,:
lem (Figure 3-50) where !:J.y =!= 0 is given by
FIGURE 3·50 Problem98
� ."".- - - ..........
"" ....
. _-------

" ,
" "
89 The range of a cannonball fired horizontally from a
•• Vo "
cliff is equal to the height of the cliff. What is the direction of ,
,
the velocity vector when the projectile strikes the ground? ,
,
90 A projectile is fired at an angle of 60° above the hor­
• \
\
izontal with an initial speed of 300 m/s. Calculate (a ) the hori­ \
zontal distance traveled and (b) the vertical height attained in \
\
the first 6 s. \
\
91 A cannonball is fired with an initial speed of
••
42.2 mls at an angle of 30° above the horizontal from an ini­
1+------ --- R
':
,
' .1

tial height of 40 m. Find the range of the cannonbalL

92 • • IssMI i The speed of an arrow fired from a
compound bow is about 45 m/s. (a ) A Tartar archer sits
astride his horse and launches an arrow into the air, elevating
R = ( 1 + r;:-:�) vG
\j l ' V(i sm-eu 2g
sin 2t':1u

the bow at an angle of 10° above the horizontal. If the bow is

2.25 m above the ground, what is the arrow's range? Assume 99 .. IssMI A projectile is launched over level grow1d at
that the ground is level, and ignore air resistance. (b) Now an elevation angle of e. An observer standing at the launch
assume that his horse is at full gallop, moving in the same site sights the projectile at the point of its highest elevation,
direction as he will fire the arrow, and that he elevates the and measures the angle ¢ shown in Figure 3-51. Show that
bow in tbe same way as in part (a) and fires. If the horse's tan ¢ ! tan e.
=

speed is 12 mis, what is the arrow's range now? FIGURE 3·51 !I

Problem99
93 · t! Using a potato CaLU1011, Chuck launches
a spud-plug horizontally with an initial velocity of 50.0 m/s It - - - - - - -:.--"'__
(about 112 mi/h). (a) If Chuck holds the potato cannon so that
it is 1.00 m above ground, how long is the spud-plug in the air?
(b) How far does the plug travel before hitting the ground?
(You can find more about potato ccumons on the Internet.)
94 • • Compute d R I de from R = (v�1 g)sin(2eo) and
show that setting dRlde 0 gives e
= = 45° for the maximum
range. R/2 l� .\'
 Problems 83

100 • A projectile, fired with unknown initial velocity, Hitting Targets and Related Problems
lands 20 s later on the side of a hill, 3000 m away horizontally
and 450 m vertically above its starting point. (a) What is the
vertical component of its initial velocity? (b) What is the hori­ 105 • A boy uses a slingshot to project a pebble at a

zontal component of its initial velocity? shoulder-height target 40 m away. He finds that to hit the tar­
get he must aim 4.85 m above the target. Determine the veloc­
101 .. IssMI A stone is thrown horizontally from the top ity of the pebble on leaving the slingshot and the time of flight
of an incline that makes an angle e with the horizontal. If the of the pebble.
stone's initial speed is vO' how far down the incline will it
land? 106 •• IssMI The distance from the pitcher'S mound to
home plate is 18.4 111. The mound is 0.2 111 above the level of
102 • • • A toy calUlon is placed on a ramp that has a slope of the field. A pitcher throws a fastball with an initial speed of
angle ¢. (a) If the cannonball is projected up the hill at an an­ 37.5 m/s. At the moment the ball leaves the pitcher's hand, it
gle of eo above the horizontal (Figure 3-52) and has a muzzle is 2.3 m above the mound. What should the angle between Vo
speed of vO' show that the range R of the cannonball (as mea­ and the horizontal be so that the ball crosses the plate 0.7 m
sured along the ramp) is given by above ground? (Neglect interaction with air.)
2v6 cos2 eo (tan eo - tan ¢)
107 • • Suppose that a hockey puck is struck in such a way
R = --''------'
- '----
- -''--
---

g cos ¢ that, when it is at its highest point, it just clears a Plexiglass

Ignore air resistance. wall of height Ii 2.80 m. Find VOy' the time t to reach the wall,
=

and vOX' v O' and eu for this case. Assume that the horizontal
FIGURE 3-S2 Problem102 distance is XI = 12.0 m.
y 108 • • Carlos is on his trail bike, approaching a creek bed
that is 7 m wide. A ramp with an incline of 10° has been built
for daring people who try to jump the creek. Carlos is travel­
I
I (x, y) ing at his bike's maximum speed, 40 km/h. (a) Should Carlos
I I attempt the jump or emphatically hit the brakes? (b) What
I. R I
I is the minimum speed a bike must have to make this jump?
I Assume equal elevations on either side of the creek.
I
x 109 • • If a bullet that leaves the muzzle of a gun at
250 m/s is to hit a target 100 m away at the level of the muz­
zle, the gun must be aimed at a point above the target. How
103 • • A rock is thrown from the top of a 20-m building at
far above the target is that point?
an angle of 53° above the horizontal. If the horizontal range of
the throw is equal to the height of the building, with what
speed was the rock thrown? What is the velocity of the rock
just before it strikes the ground? General Problems
104 • • A girl throws a ball at a vertical wall 4 m away
(Figure 3-53). The ball is 2 m above ground when it leaves the 110 • The displacement vectors A and B in Figure 3-54
girl's hand with an initial velocity of Vo (10 m/s)(; + J) or
= both have a magnitude of 1 m. (a) Find their x and y compo­
lOYz m/s at 45°. When the ball hits the wall, the horizontal nents. (b) Find the components, magnitude, and direction of
component of its velocity is reversed; the vertical component the sum S A + B. (c) Find the components, magnitude, and
=

remains unchanged. Where does the ball hit the ground? direction of the difference 15 A-B.
=

Hint: The wall call be thought of as a l1lirror. Determine the range,

neglectillg tile wall, and thell consider the m.irror-like reflectiol/. FIGURE 3· S4 Problem110

FIGURE 3· S 3 Problem104
y
----
- ----- -
--- -- -:-
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.. x

;/:' mh
10m/s --_., 111 • IssMI A plane is inclined at an angle of 30° from the
2m horizontal. Choose the x axis pointing down the slope of the
plane and the y axis perpendicular to the plane. Find the x
and y components of the acceleration of gravity, which has the
----- 4m ------ magnitude 9.81 111/S2 and points vertically down.
84 C HAP T E R 3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

112 • Two vectors A and If lie in the xy plane. Under
what conditions does the ratio AlB equal A/B,?
113 • The position vector of a particle is given by f
(5 m/s)tl + (10 m/s)tj, where t is in seconds and f is in meters.
(a) Draw the path of the particle in the xy plane. (b) Find v in
component form and then find its magnitude.
119 · · · Darlene is a stunt motorcyclist in a traveling circus.
For the climax of her show, she takes off from the ramp at an­
gle 8, clears a fiery ditch of width x, and lands on an elevated
platform (height h) on the other side (Figure 3-55). (a) For a
given height h, find the minimum necessary takeoff speed
vmin needed to make the jump successfully. (b) What is vmin for
a launch angle 8 30° with a pit width of 8 m and a platform
=

114 •• T) A worker on the roof of a house drops her height h = 4 m? (c) Show that no matter what her takeoff
hammer, which slides down the roof at constant speed of speed is, the maximum height of the platform is hmox < x tan 8.
4 m/s. The roof makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal, Interpret this result physically. (Neglect the effects of air resis­
and its lowest point is 10 m from the ground. What is the hor­ tance and treat the bike as if it were a particle.)
izontal distance traveled by the hammer between the time it
FIGURE 3·55 Problem119
leaves the roof of the house and the time it hits the ground?
115 • • In 1940, Emanuel Zacchini flew about 53 m as a hu­
man cannonball, a record that remains unbroken. His initial
velocity was 24.2 mls at an angle 8. Find 8 and the maximum
height h Emanuel achieved during the record flight. Ignore
the effects of air resistance.
116 • • A particle moves in the xy plane with constant
acceleration. At t = 0 the particle is at fl
= (4 m)1 + (3 m)j,
with velOcity v1• At t = 2 s the particle has moved to f2 =
120 • • • A small boat is headed for a harbor 32 km north­
(10 m)1 - (2 m)j and its velocity has changed to v2 =
west of its current position when it is suddenly engulfed in
(5 m/s)1 - (6 m/s)j. (a) Find VI' (b) What is the acceleration heavy fog. The captain maintains a compass bearing of north­
of the particle? (c) What is the velocity of the particle as a west and a speed of 10 kmlh relative to the water. The fog
function of time? (d) What is the position vector of the particle lifts 3 h later and the captain notes that he is now exactly
as a function of time? 4.0 km south of the harbor. (a) What was the average velocity
of the current during those 3 h? (b) In what direction should
117 • • IssMI A small steel ball is projected horizontally off
the boat have been heading to reach its destination along a
the top landing of a long, rectangular staircase. The initial
straight course? (c) What would its travel time have been if it
speed of the ball is 3 m/s. Each step is 0.18 m high and 0.3 m
had followed a straight course?
wide. Which step does the ball strike first?
121 .. ISSMI Galileo showed that, if air resistance is ne­
118 •• Suppose you can throw a ball a distance xa when
glected, the ranges for projectiles whose angles of projection
standing on level ground. How far can you throw it from a
exceed or fall short of 45° by the same amount are equal.
building of height h xa if you throw it at (a) 0°? (b) 30°?
Prove Galileo's result.
=

(c) 45 °?
122 • • Two balls are thrown with equal speeds from the
top of a cliff of height h. One ball is thrown at an angle of
Q' above the horizontal. The other ball is thrown at an angle of

f3 below the horizontal. Show that each ball strikes the ground
with the same speed, and find that speed in terms of h and the
initial speed va'