Kinematics

Motion in a Straight Line

Motion in a Plane

Scalars and Vectors Scalars are those quantities which have onlymagnitudes but no direction.
For example mass, length, time, speed, work, temperature, etc.

i
Vectors are those quantitieswhich have magnitude as well as direction.
For example displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum,
etc.
Types of vectors
Graphically a vector A is represented by a directed segment of a
straight line, whose direction is that of the vector it represents and
whose length corresponds to the magnitude [XI of 3.
A unit vector of a given vector 2 is a vector of unit magnitude and
has the same direction as that of the given vector. A unit vector of
Z is written as .71 , where 1i=2/|}l|. A unit vector is unitless and
dimensionless vector and represents direction only.
The symbol 5,],12 represent unit vectors of x, y and 2 directions of
coordinate axes respectively.
Null vector is a vector which has zero magnitude and an arbitrary
direction. It is represented by 6 and is also known as zero vector.
Velocity of a stationary object, acceleration of an object moving with
uniform velocity and resultant of two equal and opposite vectors
are the examples of null vector.
Equal vectors : Two vectors are said to be equal if they have equal
magnitude and same direction.
A negative vector of a given vector is a vector of same magnitude
but acting in a direction opposite to that of the given vector. The
negative vector of Z is represented by —;1 .
A vector whose initial point is fixed is called a localised vector
and whose initial point is not fixed is called non-localised vector.
Addition of Vectors The resultant of a number of vectors is a single vector which would
produce the same effect as all the original vectors put together.
R = 21 + E + 6
where Il’ is the sum or resultant vector of the vectors 2 , E and 5‘ .

Triangle law of vector addition

If two vectors acting simultaneously at a point are represented in
magnitude and directed by'two sides of a triangle taken in the same
order, then their resultant is represented by the third side of the
triangle taken in the opposite order.
According to triangle law .of vector addition.
P+Q=R or AB+BC=AC
Triangle Law or AB+BC+CA = AC+CA

35 GUNA ACADEMY
 Parallelogram law of vectors
" It states that if two vectors acting on a particle at the
same time be
represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of
a parallelogram drawn from a point, their resultant vector is represented
in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn
ffiom the same point (see figure).
'

If k is the resultant of ZandE, then

Subtraction of vectors
Representation of Vector
by Co-ordinates
Bs‘ 6
R=JA2+32+2ABcose and tanB=—~m—
» A+ 30036
Subtraction of a vector 3’ from a vector :4 is defined as the addition
of vector -3 (negative of vector 2?) to vector 2.
Thus, 2— 2: 2+ (—3):
In a three dimensional orthogonal rectangular coordinate system, the
unit vectors along x, y andz are denoted by 2', j‘ and ,é respectively. If
the point P has a co-ordinate (x, y, 2), then the vector (known as 3f
position vector ofP) is denoted by 52": + +
x?

In figure, E}; is known as displacementvector.

2}.
j
Now, .071” + E7; = 0—13.

I? = 072 - a?
an; (position vector of P1) = I]; + )3} + 21k
57); (position vector of 13) = 2'2; + yz} + 222'
E132 = I2? + y2}'+ 2219-061?“+ WW 21/?)

1
'

= (x2 —,r,)z"+(y2—y,)}'+(z2 —z,)2« = [Quirk/1,12.

So any vector 2 can be represented as
2 = Ax? + Ay]+ AZ}

Now, magnitude of 2 = [2' = 42

X + ,4; + ,422

a A 2
Unit vector along ,4 = a=|—74—|

AVA "+44:
or a = 4+5— : earl-+451,
HI
Ml
.
ME
,4 A ,1 .

IA]
or [2
= cos a? +cos B}'+ cosyk

=7
‘4)"
wh erecos I ’42
(I,
"4
=—_.-
IA!
cos B
cosy=T
|A|
Where 0L, [3 and y are the angles made by the vector 2 with the x, y and
z axes respectively. cos a, cos B and cos y are known as direction cosines
of the vector :1.

Multiplication of a When a vectOr 2 is multiplied by a scalar s, it becomes a vector 3;! ,

Vector by a Scalar whose magnitude is 3 times the magnitude of ,7! and it acts along the
direction of :4. The unit of 52 may be different from the unit of
vector :4.

36
 Dot Productvof Two The dot product of two vectors AandZ’ is denoted byA‘ 3’ and is
’

Vectors 6
given by A B: ABcose, Where IS angle between A audit". The dot
product of two vectors is a scalar.
Geometrical interpretation of dot product of two vectors
It is the product of the magnitude of one vector with the magnitude
of the component of other vector in the direction of first veCtor.

Cross Product of Two o The cross product of two vectors A and]? is denoted by AXE. It is
Vectors a vector whose magnitude is equal to the product of the magnitudes
of the two vectors and sine of the smaller angle between them. If
B is smaller angle between A and 3’ , then Ax E: 5‘: ABsinB i1 , where

i; is a unit vector in the direction of 5' .

j

Geometrical interpretation of vector product bf two vectors:

.
The magnitude of vector product of two vectors is equal
— to the area of the parallelogram whose two sides are represented
by two vectors.
- to twice the area of a triangle whose two sides are represented by
the two vectors.
Properties of cross product
0 Cross product of two parallel vectors is zero. SQ, Ax A =0.
0 ?X;=O=}‘x}'=2'x,€ii

o ?X}'=,{;, 2x2=i ,{A'X

2E}
' Ax Z’ = —E’x A
Cross product in cartesian co-ordinates
AXE: (Ag-M}+Azk)x (1125+haze)
2' j" I}

= Ax 4v ’42
=(AV32—Azb’yfi—(AXBZ—BXAZ)}'+(Ax3y—I4yl5’x)}
6:. 5; 3:.
Direction of vector cross product
0 When 5‘: Ax I? , the direction of 6' is at right angles to the plane
containing the vectors A and 13’. The direction is determined by the
right hand screw rule and the right hand thumb rule.
a Right hand screw rule : Rotate a right handed screw from first vector
(A) towards second vector (3’) . The direction in which the right handed
screw moves gives the direction of vector 5'.
Right hand thumb rule : Curl the fingers of your right hand from
A to Z’ . Then the direction of the erect thumb will point in the direction
of Ax 3’.

37 GUNA ACADEMY
Illustration 1 : )3 is a vector,
having magnitudes 6 cm/s and directed eastward. Another vector Q is
acting in north-west direction making an angle 120° with the vector 73. If the magnitude of @ be
8 cm/s, find the difference of i? and Q
Soln.: ‘02} represents vector 2) whose magnitude is 6 cm/s. 53’ represents vector Q whose magnitude is
8 cm/s.
BO is produced to C such that BO = 00 then 52‘ will represent vector _@,
We have to find out 17’— Q
Let 2’: P—é: P+(—Q)
Magnitude of X? = 4102 + Q2 + ZPQcos 60°

= 62+82+2x6x8xé=12.17cm/S
'
8 5m 60°
and tan6= 6 + 8005 60°
'. 6 = 34°42’
Hence, vector difference = 12.17 cm/s and directionis 34°42’ south of east.
Position Vector A straight line drawn from the origin to the position of the particle at
any instant is called its position vector at that instant.
To locate the particle P in the coordinate system shown we draw vector
5-5. Let it be represented by 7.
7 = (AG) 5061’)
You can change (x, y) into (r, 6) or (r, 6) into (x, y) as follows:

If (x, y) are known, r = x2 +y2, 9 =tan'1[1] and if (r, 9) are known,

x=rcos0,y=rsin0.
I
Radius vector 7 can also be written as x?+}§; where
vectors along the x and y axes respectively.
1"
and j are unit
Frame of Reference The set of coordinate axis attached to a specified body, relative to
which the position of a particle or the time of an event occurring in
space can be described is known space-time ‘reference frame’.
A physical quantity has different values when measured by observes
in different reference frames. Suppose one frame is attached to the
earth, the other is located in a train moving with a uniform velocity,
and other one is located on an aeroplane flying over head. The
velocity of the plane as measured by an observer- on the earth will
be different from that measured by another observer in the train,
while it will be zero if measured by an observer sitting in the plane.
(If the plane is closed from all sides, the observer in the plane cannot
even tell whether he is stationary or in motion with respect to the
fixed stars.) Hence in order to state a physical quantity or to express
a physical phenomenon,the reference frame from which it is observed
should always be specified.
Types of frame of reference
Inertial and non-inertial reference frames : An inertial reference
frame is one in which Newton’s first law correctly describes the
motion of a body not acted upon by a net force. Such frames are either
at rest or moving with uniform velocity with respect to distant stars.
Thus, they are unaccelerated and non-rotating.

38
 Newton’s first law is violated in a non-inertial reference
frame : According to the'first law, ‘a body remains in a state of rest
or uniform motion when no eXternal force is acting on it. Let us
examine this law in‘(non-ifiertial) reference frame attached to an
aircraft during its take—off run. We know that during the take-off
run a passenger inside the air craft feels the back ofhis seat pushing
him forward although he remains at rest relative to the aircraft.
Thus, a forward force does act on the' passenger but still he remains
'\ .
3'
at rest. This is against Newton’s Law.
One Dimensional Motion The motion of an object is said to be one dimensional, if only one
of the three coordinates specifying the positiOn ofthe object changes
with time. Here the object moves along a straight line. This motion
is also called rectilinear or linear motion. As shown in figure, only
the x-coordinate changes from x1 to x2 when the particles moves
from P1 to P2 along a straight line path.

‘
Fig. One dimensional motion.
Examples of one dimensional motion :
(i) Motion of a train along a straight track.
(ii) Motion of a freely falling body.
it
Distance: In strict sense of definition 1s length of the actual path
followed by a body. Many times ‘distance’IS used for‘separation’ between
two points. ,

Speed: Speed is defined as the distance covered by the particle per

A Actual Path unit time. ‘

Displacement: The displacement of an object between two given points

represents the unique path which can take the particle from its initial
P .
E Q to final position.
Displacement In figure, the actual path taken from P to Q is along PAQ, hence the
distance covered by the particle is the length of the curved path PAQ.
But the displacement 3‘ = FQ
'
Velocity: The rate of change of displacement with respect to time is
called velocity. If Ax represents the displacement of the body in time
interval At, then the velocity ofthe body is defined as
AX .

U = —’
At
.

In the limiting case when At ——> 0

Ax dx
—
.
U = 11m — =
HO At dt
The velocity of the particle at any given instant of time is called
instantaneous velocity.
Different types of velocity
(a) Uniform velocity: When the instantaneous velocity of a particle is
constant over entire time interval of motion, it is said to be moving
with uniform velocity.
(b) Variable velocity: If a body moves in such a way that its speed or its
direction or both change with time. then the body is said to have
variable velocity.

39 GUNA ACADEMY
 (c) Average velocity: Magnitude ofthe averagevelocity is defined as the
ratio of the total distance travelled by the body to the total time taken.
A

Net change in position

Average velocity =
_

Total time lapsed "

Suppose a body is at a point x1 at time t1 and at some other point x2 at

7
time t2, then the displacement ofthe body is (x2 — x1).
Hence its average velocity is,

U “V 1211
w 12 — t,
In general, if the body covers distance x1, x2, ... ,x,, in time intervals t1,
‘-
t2, .,t,,, then time averaged velocity15 given by

Acceleration: If the velocity of a body changes with respect to time,

then the body1s said to accelerate. Rate of change Of velocityIS called
acceleration. .

Net Ichange in velocity

Aver age acceleration = ,
Total tlme
.

elapsed
.
,

If A? represents the change in velocity which takes place in time interval

At, then the acceleration during this interval1s given by,
4:13—11
d A—t
The direction of acceleration13 the same as the direction of change1n '

velocity Av.
For one dimensional motion, average acceleration,

_At-
A33_'132 — 17
1
“av -=
“ [2 [1

Acceleration ofthe particle at any given instant of timeIs given by,

a = lim
A1—>0
-A—V—

At
_ fl,
dt
is called the instantaneous acceleration.
. When. the instantaneous accelerationis same over entire time interval
‘

ofthe motion or when the average acceleration calculated over different

time intervals chosen randomlyturns out to be the same the motion of
the particle is said to be uniformly accelerated.
Equations of Motion of a- If initial velocity ofthe body,
i2 .=
Particle with Constant 5 = uniformacceleration of the body,
Acceleration E = displacement in time
t
v = its velocity after a time t, then the following equations hold good, in
order to describe the motion of body.
If the motion1s along a straight line,
(a) v: u I
41-
at '

..... withouts (b) s = g (u + v)t ..... withouta

1
s = ut +
5 at2 .....w1thout v
.
(c) (d) v2 = u2 + 2118 ..... withoutit
_

(e) s=vt— E at”..... W1thoutu

40
 (f) Distance travelled1n nth sec:—s,,- :(271— 1)
— u + —

0 If the motionis not along a straight line

1
«
(a) $=fi+at (b)s=ut+3at2
A
(c) ~an)
V2=u2+2a..5'
—~

0 Equations of motion derived above are Valid only when acceleration

remains constant during motion, otherwise we have to write the
equationsas under:
v: jama’t ands: [Kiwi
Illustration - 2 : A particle starts from rest and accelerating uniformly acquires a velocity of 18 m/sec in
12 seconds. Then the particle moves at constant velocity and is finally brought to rest in 162 m with a
constant retardation. The total" distance covered by the particle is 450 m. Find the values of acceleration,
deceleration, time for which the particle moves uniformly, total time of motion, and the average velocity of
the particle.
”mm/S v=18m/s ”=0
V

Soln.:FormotionAB. “=0 ‘

l—-'—+-—i—-——l
"

u=0, v=18m/s,t1=123ec ' {=12ch 162m D =

0
U: u + at (constant acceleration)
I
g

k——~——-—- 450 m—_—->|

18= 0+ax12 =3» a=1.5m/s2
And displacementofthe particle during uniformlv accelerated motion.
1
AB:-s=ut+—2-at2=—-.-—-0><12+1/2x15x(12)2 108m.
Retardation motion: 12: 18 m/s, v’ = 0, s’ = 162 111-: CD
v’2- v2 + 2a’s
(t, + ting)

-m
(0. 0) A t1(l2 sec) (tz'l'ii)
0: (18)2 + 2a’ x 162 or a’ =
(1 8 X 18)_= -1 m/s2 = retardation .

.
-
_

x ~
=
, .
' , ,. -
And using equation, I): u + at
0=18—-1_xt301;t3—_18830 ‘V
.

AB=108m BC ?,=CD 162m,AD= 450m

: BC:
.

AD =AB +BC + CD or 450-— 108— 162: BC 180 111

Then time required froniB to C, t27= 11? = 10 sec
A

W:
_

Total tinie 7 ti+t2 + t3 = 12 + 10 + 18: 40 sec

4—2—0
Average velocity, vav = m/s = 11.25 m/s
_;Tot,al,t1me 40
‘

"Kinematic Graphs "

9 Let a-particle move along x--axiS,position vector x, velocity v and
acceleration a of the particle are time dependent quantities.
Displacement TimeGraph ofVarious Types ofMotion of a Body
S.No.‘ Description of motion ‘ _
Shape of graph The main features of graph
.
~'
.
~

A .

.
_

1'. For a stationary body, the time The slope 'of straight line AB
‘

S.

displacement graph is a straight (representing instantaneous

'
'
gA
3
. line AB parallel to the time axis. é. 7
velocity) is zero.
I
Q
' l
'.
I

. -

I
' , “n ,_
0 Time
’

. .

2." When a body is moving with .

‘5 Greater is the slope of straight line

constant velocity, the time 0A,higherwill be the velocity.
‘

\
g
displacement graph will be a g
‘

straight line 0A, inclined to time 5"

axis; ‘ _

41 GUNA ACADEMY
 When a body is moving with a
constant acceleration, the time
displacement graph is a curve
which bend upwards.
‘
The slope of time displacement
curve (i.e. instantaneous velocity)
Displacement increase with time.

When a body is moving with

5 The slope of time-displacement
constant retardation, the time-7 :1 curve '(i.e. instantaneops velocity)
"

displacement graph is a curve Displacement

decreases with time.
which bend downwards.

When a body is moving with Such emotion of the body is never

gt
‘ B
,

infinite velocity, _the time- possible.

displacement curve is a straight 3;
line AB parallel to displacement- .3
axis. D
o A
_When a body returns back The displacement of the body
towards the original point of A decrease with time w.r.t. the
reference while moving with a reference point, till it becomes zero.
‘
uniform negative velocity, the EA
time displacement graph is an _3‘ e>90°
oblique straight line AB, making Q
an angle 0 > 90° with the time o B 'lime
axis.

Velocity Time Graph ofVarious Types of Motion of a Body

S.No. Description of motion Shape of graph Features of graphs
'
vism”
'
1 '
. »

1. When a body is moving with a The slope of this graph

constantvelocity, the velocity time A B (representing the instantaneous
graph is a straight lineAB parallel acceleration) is zero.
to time axis.
0 _______,
Time
2. When a body is moving with a Velocity Greater is the slope of straight line
u
constant acceleration and its A 0A, greater will be the
initial velOcity is zero, the instantaneous acceleration.
‘

V-t
graph is an oblique straight line,
'

passing through origin. . _

.

0 Time

3. When a body is moving with a velocity (i) Here OA represents the initial
constant acceleration and its '3 velocity of the body.
initial velocity is not zero, the . (ii) The area enclosed by the
_ velocity time graph is an oblique A : velocity time graph with time axis
straight line AB not passing : representsthe distancetravelledby
through ongm. the body.
0 Time

4' .When a body 15- moving “nth

0 - a
ve ‘
W
The slope of velocity time graph
111019351118 acceleration,~the 1’" (is. instantaneous acceleration)
I

graph is a curve which bend increases with time.

upwards.

0 Time
 5. When a body is moving with a The slope of this straight line with
constant retardation and its time axis, makes an angle 9 > 90".
initial velocity is not zero, the -

v-t graph is an oblique straight .

line not passing through origin.

'
6' When abody is moving With The slope of V-t graph (i.e.
decreasmg acceleration the wt instantaneous acceleration)
graph is a curve. decreases with time.

0 Time

Acceleration Time Graph ofVarious Types of Motion of a Body.

S.No. Descriptionofmotion Shape of graph Features of graphs '

1. When a body is moving with Awekmfion(A°°-) The area enclosed by a-t graph for
constant acceleration, the the given time gives the veloCity of
acceleration-time graph is a the body.
straight line AB parallel to time A 3
ads.
———-—-——>
, _
. Time
2. .,
When a body is moving with Am The body is moving with constant
acceleration and slope of straight
~

constant increasing acceleration,

the «H graph is astraightline 0A. line 0A, makes an angle 6 .< 90°
'

with timelaxis.
'
'

3., When a body is moving with

Aw The body is moving with negative
constant. decreasing acceleration,
the «1-! graph is a straight line. acceleration and slope of straight
' ‘
'
line makes an angle 0 > 90° with
time axis.
6

0 'llme

Illustration - 3 : An experimental vehicle moves along a straight track 60m/s

with the velocity diagram shown in figure.
'
(a) Sketchthe acceleration and displacementdiagrams.
(b) ‘Discuss the 10cation of the vehicle when 6 s 5 ts 12 s.
(c) Find the position and deceleration of the vehicle when t = 17 s.
Soln.: (a) The velocity diagram is redrawn, the acceleration diagram is 180m
constructed then. Since the velocity diagram consists of straight line
‘

90m
elements, the corresponding accelerationvalues must be constant over a?
the intervals. The slope ofthe velocity diagram in the first interval is 60/ —20m .-—I-—I———_I.——
I tsec
3 = 20 m/sz, and this is the vaIUe ofthe acceleration. In the second interval :

'
the slope of the velocity diagram is —60/3 = 4-20 m/sz. The minus sign is 60m/s
written to recognize that this position of the velocitydiagram has a negative "T
I

slope; In the last position ofthe velocity diagram the slope, which is the
I
I
I
I

acceleration, is —§5(1 The areas under the velocity diagram 20 m/s2 __—:
= —16 m/sz. I

a __..I_.___4__4_
are computed, and they are used to sketchthe displacementcurve, which -16m/sz--I--t-----———9t sec
—20m/szr—

43 GUNA ACADEMY
is top most curve. '

(b) During 6 s S < 12 s, the vehicle1s at the fixed location s= 180 m, the velocity and acceleration are zero
t-
during the time.
(c) At t—- 17 sec, the displacement of the vehicle1s given by — —20 m, the Corresponding value of the
acceleration1s —16 m/sz. Thus the value of the decelerationIS 16 m/s2
s- ‘

Relative Velocity .
. 0 Let two particlesA and B move along the same Straight line and at time
'
t, their displacementsmeasured from some fixed origin 0 on the line be
’

T
2 4 ‘
v: 3
-
‘

W XA and X3 respectively. The velocities ofA and B are,

vAzd/IEl ande=££ V

XB
' 0 The relative velocities ofA and B with respect to each other depends on
their respective displacements.
‘

v
0 The displacementofB relative toA (i. e. displacementofB as measured
fi'0m A): (X3 '— XA)
The rate of change ofthis ofB relative
displacementis called the velocity
0
_

" “—(XB——XA)-
tOA—

The velocity ofB relat1vetoA=——'-3;r——~— = 03—11“ .

. .

This1s the velocity ofB appears to have, when seen from A.

The above idea of one dimensional relative motion can be easily extended
,. to motion1n two dimensions. -

Let r40 andrm be the position vectors at time t, oftwo moving particles
. . with. respect to fixedorigin 0. The velocities”v10- and1250 are then given
by,
.. d7“ 47
I . .

By the triangle law of vectors, '07 + 731 =5}

’-
AB is the displacement ofB relative toA andrm is the p0sition vector
of B relative toA
‘

Thevelocity ofBrelative toA is _‘V” = —%4- = £650.-

. .
_

,
f v

7’40)
.
.

dt di
'

330‘ 7110'
'75,; = 'i I

This shows thatthe relative velocity oftwo moving particlesis the vector
difference of their velocities with respect to origin
Application of relative velocity
0 Analysis ofdifi‘erent situations ofthe motion of a boat (ora swimmer)
111

running water, say a river. .

v= Velocity of the boat w r.t. water

t
._

River flow velocity- (velocity of waterw.r. ground).-

,

u:
,

44
 If the boatis sailed down stream, velocity of boat with respect to
ground: 1) + u.
If the boat1s sailed up stream, velocity of the boat with respect to
ground: v- u.
If the boat1s to be sailed right across the river, it must be ‘headed’
some What upstream so that the upstream component of the velocity
of the beat w. r. t waterIS nullified by the river flowvelocity. From the
figure,

sine = 5 => 6= sin'l(%)

V

In this case the boat will cross the river with velocity 0 cos 6 = J 1? 9112

and will take time t = 735:?- to Cross the river, if b is the width of
II —
the river.
Motion 0f Freely Falling 0 Motion of a hody vertically downward: When a bodyis released
Bodies from rest at a certain height h, then equations of motion are reduCed
to:

- % gt2 (c) v2: 2gb

(a) v= gt (b) h—
Where g is the acceleration due to gravity, Whose value varies from
9. 781 ms‘2 at the equator to the value 9. 831 ms'2 at thepoles.
'0 If a body18 falling from a certain height h, then distance fallen1n
nth sec. 1 .

hm=hr—h,._1= -—gn2- '~g(n--1)2= —g(2n-1)

Projection of a body vertically upward
'
0
'
.

Supposea body1s projected vertically upward withvelocity u. In this

'

case acceleration due to gravity will be negative '(—~g). When the body
reaches the maximum height, its velocity v = 0. This occurs when
.
, V
2
t = u/g. The maximum height attained'by the bOdy. h a: g—
Afierward, the body start falling freely downward
0 At the point of projection displacement s-— 0,
hence according to
the
equation,
" .7 1 -

s=ut~—3gt,2. ..or0:ut—§gt2=t=
Le. the total time of flight =
:

Illustration- 4: A stone is thrown verticallyupwards. On its way up it passes pointA with a speed v and
‘

l
2

B, 30 m higher than A, with speed v/2. Calculate (a) the speed v (b) the maximum height reached by the
stone above point B.
‘

Soln.: Velocity at point A: v, Velocity at point B: v/2, Is 30 in higher than A (AB = 30 m) B ' '

Let +ve directive of motion be upwards. '

,
Acceleration = r—9.8 m/s2 C v
"
=‘po .
5
,

AB_=30m,u=v
' ‘
'

i
.__I:ve l

U = 0/2 B +v/2 —V€ -

Im
, .
Apply, v2=u2+2as
‘
' '

(11/232 = 02 + 2(—9.8) x 30)

9‘
‘

it
I

122 810mm.
_02—_60x980rv—28m/s
7
45 GUNA ACADEMY
Motion BC
Let at C, the maximum height1s reached by the particle
Velocity at B: v/2= 28/2: 14 m/s,
Velocity at C (max height) = o
Acceleration 7—9. 8 m/s2 and 3: BC
Apply 02— - u2 + 2as or O: (14)2— 2 x 9.8 s
(14)2=2x9.33 14 x 14
or = =10m’
2 x 9.8
Max height from A = 40 m

MOtion on an Inclined Suppose a body of mass m is allowed to move down the plane with an
Plane initial velocity zero, i.e. from the position of rest. Let the plane is inclined
at an angle 0 w.r.t. horizontal direction and body is at a height h at
initial instant (t = 0).
Hence in such a case, u = 0, a = g sin 6 = constant.
So, the equations of motion are,
(a) v=(gsin6)t
(b)
s: %(gsin6)t2
(c) v2 = 2(gsin 0) s
where s is the distance travelled by the body along the plane'1n time t,
when it reaches at the bottom

Projectile Motion “Projectile” means a body, projected with a velocity in to the uniform
gravitational field of the earth. The path described by a projectile1s
called the trajectory. The trajectory of a projectile1s a parabola.
Horizontal projection
Let a particle be projected horizontallywith a velocityu from a point 0
\
above the ground level.
\ 1 Take, the horizontal through 0 as x-axis, and the downward vertical
through 0 as y- axis.
The acceleration of the projectile always equals g directed vertically
downward. For the chosen coordinate system,
ax = O x-component of velocity remains constant
ay = g y-component ofvelocity increases continuously.
'. x = horizontal range of particle in time t' ut ...(1)
+—

y = vertical displacement during this time = 1; gt2 ...(2)

From (1) t =
ll
i
Put this value of t in (2), we get,
1 x2
y = 3 g—2 , which
. .
1s the equatlon
. .
of trajectory.
II
This equation represents a parabola with vertex at origin. Thus the
trajectory is a parabola.
Obliqueprojection
Let a particle be projected horizontally with a velocity ii making an
angle 6 with the horizontal, from a point 0, at the ground level. The
velocity can be resolved into two compenents namely:

46
 (i) a horizontal component = u cost) = ux
(ii) a vertical component = u sine '= u,
Since, a, = 0, x-component of velocity remains constant
ay = —g, y-component of velocity decreases continuously.
usin9

(i)Maximum height attained:

*

At the highest point, the vertical component of velocity of projectile

is zero. .

0 -’ (u sin (3)2 = —-2gh.

112 sin2 9
h =
2g
(ii) Total time of flight:
During this time the vertical displacement is zero.
'
2 6
Thus, 0 = u sin 9 t — é—gtz or, t = as:
(iii) Horizontal range: '

The horizontal range R is given by

2112 sin Goose
R at -—----~—-
.

= cost) =
_
g
112 sin 29
R =

Range of piojectile on an inclined plane through the point

of projection
A particle is projected from a point A on an inclined plane, inclined
at an angle B, to the horizontal, with a velocity u at an angle
a, to the horizontal. Let the particle strike the plane at B, so that
‘

AB is the range on the inclined plane.

The initial velocity u can be resolved into a component
u cos((x B) along the plane and a component u sink): — B) perpendicular
-—

to the plane. The acceleration due to gravity g can be resolved into

a componentg sin B parallel to the plane andg cos B perpendicular
to the plane. If t be the time of flight of the projectile.
1

'Then,0 :u
.

sin(0L— B) t—
5g cos B. t2

—
.

W
2usin(ot — B)
t=
gcosB
2
_
-

The horizontal distance AC = u cos a . t =

M2
gcos B
2 .
11—6-1 _
and, the range AB along the plane = =
cos B gcos2 B

The projectile is at the maximum distance from the inclined plane,

when its velocity is parallel to the plane. So, the component of the
velocity in a direction perpendicular to the plane is zero. Thus if R,
be the greatest distance travelled perpendicular to the plane, then,
:12 sin 2(0: — B)
0: u2sin2(a — B) — 2(g cos B) R => R=
chosB
Circular Motion Uniform circular motion .

If an object moves on a circular path with a constant speed, then its

motion is known as uniform circular motion in a plane. The magnitude

47 GUNA ACADEMY
 ’

of acceleration1n such a motion remains constant but the direction

changes continuously
Let a particle move from P1 at time t1 to P2 at time t2 and its position
vector, from the centre of the circle trace an angle 6.,
If 31 and 172 are the linear velocities of the particle at P1 and P2
respectively, then '

| 71| = 72| = r ('.' circular motion)

|

| iz'll ('.' uniform circular motion)

=| 132' = V

are P1P2= r9, again are P1P2= v(t2 — t1)-- vt

rG-- vt
9 v V
—=—=>(o=—:> Vzrm
t r r
circumference 21v 21:
Again, T= period of revolution = -—~—-———-———-— = —- = ——
constant linear speed v a)

and, v = frequencyofrevolution = 31:: 23 => (1) = 271v

, . TC

Thus a particle in a uniform circular motion has

(i) a tangential linear velocity of constant magnitude but of direction
continuously changing.
(ii) a constant angular velocity about the axis of the circle.
(iii) a constant period ofrevolution and hence a constant frequency of
revolution.

(iv) centripetal acceleration, a =

r
32—
: m2r = (nu
Non-uniform circular motion: Let
.

0 a particle be moving (with varying

.
speed) along acircle of radius r. In this case apart from centripetal
acceleration (v2/r) the particle will also have a tangential acceleration
given by dv/dt which results because the velocity vector changes in
magnitude alSo.‘ ,

Accelerating the particle,

(.Vi\
_.
" =
ir J r++6111);
_

dz
9:-a unit vector always pointingradially inwards
}= a unit vector always pointing1n the tangential direction.
When % is +ve, at is directed along the velocity vector, magnitude of

velocity. (speed) increaseswith time, and when

t
is —ve, a1 is directed 2
opposite to the velocity vector, speed decreaseswith time.
,

Illustration- 5.' A point moves along a’circle with a velocity v-- at, where a: 0 50 111/52. Find the total
accelerationof the point at the moment when it c0vers' the nth (n: 0.10) fraction of the circle after the
beginning ormetion ‘

Acceleration of point,
_

$0111.: Velocity of point, 11-

— at,
a= 0.50 m/sz, Distance covered by point along the
circular path: nth fraction of the circle (11: 0.1).
Let R be the radius of the circle and S be the distance covered by point along the circle.
'
’

S: n x 21: R
The tangential acceleration of a particle remains thesame during the circular motion.
So, '1): at

48
 'dv =42
— =1; '...{.i)
4:
77
,

“2’2:
_
. ,

v2
and radial acceleration,ti,—= =_ ...(ii)

Emma: fvdt
Zan= Iatdt= a“Mr or 21: Rn:'Eatz
‘

SQ47H!» =3%:
From eqn (ii) & (iii), we get (1,: 41: an
Hence,total acceleratioii: Ja'z + 42=J”: + (41:42:02 = ax/l +161t22

49 GUNA ACADEMY
 Key Notes
KINEIVLA'J‘ICS
Kinematics : It is that branch of mechanics which deals with the study of motion of a'body
Without taking into account the factors (i.e. nature of forces, nature of bodies etc.) which .cause
motion.
It
Dynamics: IS that branch of mechanics which deals with the study of motion of a body taking
into account the factors which cause motion.
Rest: A bodyis said to be at rest if it does not change its position with time, with respect to its
surroundings. e. g a book lying on a table.
Motion: A body1s said to be1n motion if it changes its position with time, with respect to its
surroundings. e.g. a bird flying in air.
Rest and motion are relative.
Motion in one dimension : The motion of a body is said to be one dimensional motion if only
one out of the three coordinates specifying the position of the body changes with respect to time.
In such a motion, the body moves along a straight line.
Motion in two dimensions : The motion of a body is said to be two dimensional motion if two
out of three coordinates specifying the position of the body change with respect to time. In such-
a motion, the body moves in a plane. e.g. motion of a body in a plane.
Motion in three dimensions : The motion of a body is said to be three dimensional motion if
all the three coordinates specifying the position of the body change with respect to time. In such
a motion, the body moves in a space
Distance: The length of the actual path traversed by a body during motion1n a given interval
of time is called distance travelled by that body.
Distance is a scalar quantity.
Distance covered by a_ moving body can not be zero or negative.
Displacement : The displacement of a body in a given interval of time is defined as the shortest
distance between the two positions of the body in a particular direction during that time and is
given by, the vector drawn from the initial position to its final position.
'

Displacement is independent of the path.

The value of displacement can never be greater than the distance travelled.
,

distance travelled
Speed 0 =
time taken

' displacement
Ve l Delty’ 1) = ——_-.———
time taken
Speed is a scalar quantity and velocity is a vector quantity.
Both speed and velocity has the same units and same dimensional formula.
total distance travelled
Average speed v =
total time taken

‘
In general, if the body covers distances 81, 32, 3,, in time interval t1, t2, in then
I!
2 Si
Average speed, _v = ’n-=1
24--
i=1

50
Bodies covering different distances with different speeds : Let the body cover distance 31
with speed v1, a distance 32 with speed v2 and so on in same direction-
A ’1 3 52 C
o—p—o—H—o --------
-

VI VZ

total distance covered

—*—‘*——
+ + +--
52 +----
61 52
es1)ee d =—’T“_‘—=_ _ 51
31
Averag _
total t1me taken I + +
11 (s, ’2"+
12
,
J
Let a body travels with speeds v1 in time interval t1, v2 in time interval t2 and so on.
Total distance travelled-
— vltl + th2 +.

Total time taken, — t1 + t2+ t- [‘4v, ,9 v2 C

_ o—+—————.—-———>—‘o—--------
’2
t.
Vltl + V212 + .... k
AVerage Speed - [1 +1.2 +
A): dx
Instantaneous velocity , v= lim —=—
At—90 A! d! . ”
’
'
. chan ein veloci
____g____ty
Acceleration, a = time taken
_‘ change in velocity
Average acceleration, _g=~.—————
t ltime len

I us t an t aneous acce 1 era ion, t m A_v

a: A60 dv_ 422:
At —dt— 71
——
.

Displacement-time graph slope of the curve denotes velocity

Curve (a): Graph is a straight line. Slope is +ve. It represents
A
constant velocity in the direction of displacement.
Curve (b): The slope of the curve is increasing. It denotes (s) “‘2‘” (“l

vet
increasing velocity. 'Izhe motion is accelerated. (b)
(a) (e) 3;
Curve (0): The slope of the curve is decreasing. g» s“
It denotes decreasing velocity. The motion is retarded.
Displacement

Curve (d): Graph is a straight line parallel to time-axis. —)

Time advancesbut displacement is constant. Slope is zero.

Velocity is zero. The particle is at rest.
Curve (e): Graph is a straight line, slope is —ve. It represents " 11mg)
constant velocity in a direction opposite to that of displacement
Curve (f): Graph18 a straight line perpendicular. to time axis or
parallel to displacementaxis
Slope: tan 90°: Infinity
VelocityIS infinity. Thisis NOT possible.
Velocity
Velocity1s a vector quantity. Velocity of a body can never be greater than the speed of body
velocity time graph
The slope of velocitytime curve denotes acceleration.
Curve (a): Slope1s +ve. The
straight line graph denotes constant
A a =0
M
acceleration. .
(b)
Curve (b): The slope of the curve is increasing. It denotes
_

,
(a)
increasing acceleration.
l 7

-
3%

Curve (6): The slope of the curve is decreasing. It denotes E 55" (”1:3, ,

decreasingacceleration. i
l

o°°
g
Curve (d): The graph is a straight line parallel to time axis. The g
m decremng
_

slope is zero. It denotes uniform velocity having zero acceleration.

Curve (e): The slope of straight line is negative. It denotes uniform
. 0 .
-> ”firm (I)
negatlve acceleration1.e. umformretardatlon.
. . . .

51 GUNA ACADEMY
 Curve (f): The graphis a straight line perpendicularto time-axis or parallel tovelocity
axis. The slope1s
90°. It denotes infinite accelerationwhich1s not possible. -

Area enclosed between velocity-time curve and time--axis.

The area represents displacement.
Acceleration
Acceleration of a body15 a vector quantity.
Curve ((1): The curve is a straight line having +ve slope. It denotes ,

unifome (constantly)increasing acceleration. ~

+ act isconstam ,

CurVe (b): The curve is a straight line parallel to time axis. The slopeis -
~ .
(1;)

zero. It denotes constant acceleration (A)

Curve (0): The curve is a straight line having —ve slope. It denotes
uniformly (constantly) decreasing acceleration. Acceleration

.
Area enclosed between acceleration-time curve and time axis. ,

The area represents velocity of the particle1n given time.

Equations of motion
:
.

Letu initial velocity of particle/body, 1) final velocity of particle!

=
body, a:
uniform acceleration.
time ofgoumey, 3: distance travelled1n theJourney
'

—a= retardation or ~ve acceleration,

D” = distance covered1n n‘11 second.
t: '

(a) The equations of motion are:

’

1 . -

v=uiat
,

(iii)v2=u2i2as
,
,

(i)
(fi)s=ut1§at2» (iv)D,,=u_+-:-(2n—1)
(b) The equations of motion under gravity When body falls vertically

(i) v=u+gt (ii)s=ut+—gt2 '

(iii)v?=u2+2gs ‘
(iv)Dn=1¢+%(2n—1)
(c) The equations of motion under grav1ty when body‘rises vertically
(i) v =u—gt -_
(ii) s=ut— -2—gt2 (iii)v2=u2 2gs g
(iv)D,,_= u— €(2n—1)
((1) Maximum height reachedwhen thrownvertically upwards ,
-
'

2 . , ,

s (max1mum) = h —-
2g
.

, .

u
_

(e) Time taken to reach the maximum height = E

(0 Time of rise: time of fall under gravity
A
I

.
(g) Velocity of projection upwards: velocity of falhng back to ground
(11) At highest point, velocity: 0

river.‘
Relative velocity of a body A with respect to body B, when they are moving in the same direction
is given by VAR: V4— 'V3.
Relative velocity of a bodyA with respect to body B when they are moving in the opposite direction
is given by VAR—114+}? .

:
Boat-river problem: Let vI velocity of boat1n still water, v2 = velocity of flow of water in
riVer, d:
width of
(a) To cross the river1n the shortest path: Here is required that the
boat starting fromA must reach the opposite point B along the shortest path 6' 5
it ‘

'
AB. For the shortestwp'ath, the boat should be rowed upstream making an
I

angle 6 with AB such that AB givesthe direction of resultant velocity; ,

5,33
7.
arm "a
so, sin9=fi and 13:112-sz

"'
.311

s.
V1 ,

-. 1"v2
.
’

.5"
Also t=—7=
7

V Viz—Vi.

52
 (b) To cross the river in the shortest time : For the boat to cross the river in shortest time,
,
the boat Should be directed along AB. Let U be the resultant velocity making an angle 9 with AB-

T“
Then tanB:2 and 1/2: 1f+12§
V1 \

Time of crossmg,
.
,

t = d/vl.
_

_
:

Now the boat reaches the point C rather than reaching point B. If BC =' d
x, then -
:

tanO=—Vl =
%
Id orx=d><[fi)
a
(c) If a man travels downstream in a river, then the time taken by the man to cover a distance
d is I] = . If a man swims upstream in a river, then the time taken by him to cover a distance
"1 + V2
'

d 4_w—e
dlS. lz=——.So ”—
[2 + V1 — V2 1/1 V2
-

Relative velocity of a body A with respect to body B when the two bodies moving at an angle 6
is given by
V15,=\/Vi+l/:+2V4VBCOS(180°—9) =x/Vf,+V,2y—21{4V),COSB

.If 7’45 makes an angle B with the direction of i, then,

5sm08m—o) gsme
tanfi: _
19+ vflcos(180°—9) VA —v,cosG
If two bodies are moving at right angles to each other, then 6 = 90°. Then relative velocity of A
with respect to B is 1243 =1/1/2 + 1}.
'If rain is falling vertically with a velocity 17, and a man is moving horizontally with speed V”, the
man can protect himself from the rain 1f he holds his umbrella1n the direction ofrelative velocity
of rain with respect to man. If 6 is the angle which the direction of relative velocity of rain with
respect to manmakes with the vertical, then tanB = v,/v,,,.
I’ROJPX"FILE
Projectile ; Any body given an initial velocity moves freely in space under the influence of gravity
and is called a projectile.
A missile shot from a gun, a bomb dropped from a plane and a ball kicked from the ground level'
are a few examples of projectile motion.
The path followed by a projectileis called its trajectory. Trajectory of a projectile1s a parabola.
Projectile motion is a two dimensional motion.
While studying the projectile motion, we have to make two assumptions.
(i) The air resistance has no effect on the projectile motion. ,

(ii) Trajectories are of short range so that free fall acceleration g remains constant in magnitude
and direction.
L

For a projectile projected horizontally from a height h with velocity u

x=ut 1:??-
‘

_
(i) (ii)

(iii) Equation of trajectory is y=2—‘:—£.

(iv) Velocity of the projectile at any instant t is V: 1],,2 + g2g

This velocity makes angle [3 with the horizontal. tanB=7.

.
-

(v) Time taken by the projectile to reach the ground is J2/z/g .

(vi) Time taken by the projectile to reach the ground does not depend upon the velocity of projection

53 GUNA ACADEMY
 i.e. u.
.. . 2/1
(v11) Hor1zonta1 range, R=u —.
.. g
(viii) Velocity of the projectile on striking the ground = ([112 +2gk.
For a projectile projected at an angle 6 with the horizontal with velocity u'
. l
(i) x = ucoset (ii) y=usm9t—§g12
g2?
(iii)Equation of trajectory is y: xtane—
(iv)Veloc1ty of the projectile at any time t is
2—
211 cos20

V: $110030)2 + (usinG—gt)2 =\/zt2 +gzt2 —2gtusi119 -

This velocity make angle B with horizontal. tanB = _______usm9

“03’ .
' ‘
11 cos
2 .
5mm
(v) Horizontal range R: " .
*

g
2
11
(vi) For maximum horizontal range, 6 = 45°. Rm =
g .

(vii) Time of ascent = time of descent = 5‘3?-

(viii) Time of flight, 7: mm".

It is maximum’for 0 = 50°.
(x) Maximum height hm or 1‘] =EZ—Ziifl.

(xi)Maximum'height is also known as vertical range, attains the maximum value for 0 = 90°.
(xii) Horizontal range remains the same whether the projectile is thrown at an angle 0 with the
horizontal or at an angle of (90° — 0) with the horizontal.
(xiii) The horizontal range remains the same whether the projectile1s thrown at angle 6 with the
horizontal or atanangle 9 with vertical.
'

(xiv) When horizontal range is n times the maximum height, then: tan0= 4/n.
,

(xv) When the velocity of projection of a projectile thrown at an angle 0 with the horizontal is
increased n times,
(a) time of ascent becomes n times
(b) time of descent becomes n times
(c) time of flight become n times
((1) maximum height is increased by a factor of n2
,(e) horizontal range is increased by a factor of n2.
Note :
- When the horizontal'range is maximum, the time of flight is 7': 2usin 45° _ Q '
g g
112 sin2
45°_ =R_m 1 112
- When the horizontal range is maximum, the maximum height, H =
2g 4 g 4
Effect of resistance : The air resistance decreases the maximum height attained and. range of
the projectile. It also decreases the speed with which the projectile strikes the ground.
Effect of variation of g : Acceleration due to gravity does not remain constant when the range
exceeds say 1500 km or so. Then the direction of g changes because g always points towards the
centre of earth. Due to this, shape of trajectory changes from parabolic to elliptical.
For a projectile projected at an angle 9 with the vertical with velocity u
(i) x = usinet
(ii) y=ucoset-%gf2

54
 12
(n1)Equat10n of trajectory, }’= 100t9 — "*2ng
1
. .
2 u sm 9
(iv) Velocity of projectile at any instant t
v= \/(usin9)2 +(ucos9 — gt)2 = Juz + gzt2 — Zugtcose
This velocity makes an angle B with the horizontal direction, tanB = 5936—3—87: .
-
usm
”case
(v) Time of ascent = time of descent =
g
2ucos9
.
(v1)T1me .
of fllght,
.
T: .
g
2 2
(vii) Maximum height, H = “—329.
g
uzsin 29
(viii) Horizontal range R:
e Projectile thrown on an inclined plane
(i) The particle1s thrown from a plane 0A inclined at an angle60 with the horizontal, with a
constant velocity u in a direction making an angle 6 with the horizontal.
The particle returns back on the same plane 0A. Hence the net displacement of the particle in
(ii)
a direction normal to the plane 0A is zero Hence according to the second equation of motion
(3 = at + 1/2 atz)
0 = usin(6— 60) t (1/2) goose0 t2. -
(iii) The time of flight of the projectile is given by
211 sin(6 — 60)
gcos 90
(iv) The horizontal range of the projectile is given by
u Sin(6-90)
2212 sin (6—90) cos 9
OR = ucose t =
g cos 00
(v) The range of the projectile at the inclined plane is given by
'

0A =
05 2142 sin (6—00) cos 9
cos 60 =
g cos2 90
Circular motion
0 In physics, circular motion15 movement of an object with constant speed around1n a circle,1n a circular
path or a circular orbit.
Some important facts of angular projection of proj ectile
S.No. Item Description
l. Acceleration of projectile It is constant throughout the motion of projectile and it
"

acts vertically downwards.

2. Velocity of projectile It is different at different instants. It is maximum at the
starting point 0 lie. u and is minimum at the highest
point 122. 11 cost)
3. Linear momentum at the highest point pg= mucosa
4‘ Linear momentum at the lowest point p0 = mu
5. Maximum horizontal range Rm“ =u2/g. It is so when 9= 45°
6. Horizontal range will be same (i) if angle of projection is 6 or 90° — 9
'
(ii) if angle of projection is (45° + e) or (45° — 9)
7. Kinetic energy of projectile It is maximum at the starting point 0 and is minimum
at the highest point H
8. Angular momentum of projectile at H l = (mu 0056) X
H

55 GUNA ACADEMY
 Circular motion involves acceleration ofthe moving object by a centripetal force which pulls the moving
object towards the centre of the circular orbit. Without this acceleration, the object would move inertially
in a straight line, according to Newton’s first law of motion. Circular motion is accelerated even though
the speed is constant, because the velocity direction of the moving object is constantly changing.
Examples of circular motion are: an artificial satellite orbiting the earth in geosynchronoUs orbit, a
stone which is tied to a rope and is being swung in circles (e.g. hammer throw), a racecar turning
through a curve in a racetrack, an electron moving perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field.
A special kind of circular motion is when an object rotates around itself. This can be called spinning
motion.
Circular motion is characterized by an orbital radius r, a speed v, the mass m of the objectJWhich moves
in a circle, and the magnitude F of the centripetal force. These quantities are all related to each other
through the equations for circular motion.
The centripetal force can be tension of the string, gravitational force, electrostatic force or Lorentzian.
But the centrifugalforce = mmzr or my2 /r in stable rotation, is equal to the centripetal force in magnitude
and acts outwards.
A centripetal force of magnitude ”’7’ is needed to keep the particle in uniform Circular motion.
Centrifugal force is the force acting away from the centre and is equal in magnitude to the centripetal
force.
. 2
For a safe turn the coefficient of friction between the road and the tyre should be, u, — {E
where v is the velocity of the vehicle, r is the radius of the circular path
V2
Angle of bankmg, tane—_ — this 6 depends on the speed, v and radius of the turn r and15 independent
’5’
of the mass of the vehicle.
A cyclist provides himself the necessary centripetal force by leaning inward on a horizontal track.
The maximum permissible speed for the vehicle is much greater than the optimum value of the
speed on a banked road. It is because, friction between road and the tyre of the vehicle also
contributes to the required centripetal force.
A

Roads are usually banked for the average speed of vehicle passing over them. If u is the coefficient
of friction between the tyres and the road and 6, the banking angle the safe value for speed limit
is V: rggtan9+u)'
1- utanQ
In case of vertical circle the minimum velocity v, the body should possess at the top so that the
string does not slack, is ‘/_.
The magnitude of velocity at the lowest point with which body can safely go round the vertical
circle of radius r is J52; .
Tension in the string at lowest point T: 6Mg.
The tangent at every point of the circular motion gives the direction of motion in circular motion
at that point.
A car sometimes overturns while taking a turn. When it overturns it is the1nner wheel, which
leaves the ground first
A car when passes a convex bridge exerts a force on it which is equal to Mg—A—{Cn
/'
The driver of a car should brake suddenly rather than taking sharp turn to avoid accident, when
he suddenly sees a broad wall in front of him.
Uniform horizontal circular motion
The instantaneous velocity and displacement act along tangent to the circle at a point.
.The centripetal acceleration and the centripetal force act along radius towards the centre of circle.

56
 The centripetal force and displacement are at right angles to each other. Hence the work done by
the centripetal force1s zero.
i

4‘

Kinetic energy of a particle performing uniform circular motion, in horizontal plane, remains
constant.
The instantaneous velocity of particle and the centripetal acceleration are at right angles to each
other. Hence the magnitude of velocity does not change but the direction of velocity changes
It
continuously. is thus a case of uniformly accelerated motion.
Centripetal acceleration1s also called 1 adial acceleration as it acts along radius of circle.
Momentum of the particle changes continuously along with the velocity.
The centripetal force does not increase the kinetic energy and angular momentum of the particle
moving in a uniform circular path or we say angular momentum is conserved during this motion.
Non-uniform horizontal circular motion
Ifthe magnitude of the velocity of the particle in horizontal circular motion changes with respect
to time, the motion is known as non-uniform circular motion.
The acceleration of particle is called tangential acceleration. It acts along the tangent to the circle
at a point. It changes the magnitude of linear velocity of the particle.
Tangential acceleration Zr, and angular acceleration a are related as Zr, = 7x 61 where 7 denotes
radius vector .
Centripetal acceleration tic and tangential acceleration 5T act at right angles to each other.
2
2
a 2 =ac2 +aT2 =
7 +47-

a rot 12a
tan¢=—7= =—.
ac v /r V2
2

57 GUNA ACADEMY