Hsin Chu 090609

MadGraph/MadEvent
– Introduction and mini-tutorial –

Johan Alwall, SLAC
For the MadGraph team
arXiv:0706.2334
arXiv:0809.2410
and other publications
Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 9 July 2009
Outline
● Simulating physics processes at colliders
● MadGraph/MadEvent – an automatized matrix
element generator and event simulator
● New Physics simulations
– Implementing new models in MadGraph
– Decay chains
– Decay widths
● Standard Model background simulations
– Matching of Matrix elements and Parton showers
Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 2

Simulating physics processes
at hadron colliders

Elements of a simulation
1. Hard interaction
● Process dependent
● Model dependent
● Needs (in general) Tools:

specialized tools, MG/ME, AlpGen,
process by process Sherpa, Whizard, ...
1. Hard interaction
2. Parton
showers
● Process independent
● Purturbative
QCD/QED in the Tools:

soft/collinear limit Pythia, Herwig,
approximation Sherpa
1. Hard interaction 3. Hadronization,
hadron decay
2. Parton
showers
● Process independent
● Not calculable from
first principles Tools:

● Different models used Pythia, Herwig,
in different MCs Sherpa
hadron decay
2. Parton
showers
● Process independent 4. Underlying

● Not calculable from event
first principles Tools:
● Different models used
Pythia, Herwig,
in different MCs Sherpa, Jimmy, ...
hadron decay
2. Parton
showers
4. Underlying
event
5. Detector simulation
By experiments, or general (PGS, Delphes)
● Parton showering
● Hadronization
● Underlying event
● Detector simulation
→ Independent of “hard process”
→ Solve once and for all, tune to experimental data
(competition/alternatives good for cross checks)
● “Difficult”, process and model dependent part:
Hard process generation
Process list in Pythia
Implementation
of nearly 500
processes by hand:
➔ Painful, error prone,
time consuming
➔ Only small subset of
relevant processes
(2 → 2 processes
from SM, SUSY
and Technicolor)

Imagine a hard process simulation
program which can simulate any
process in any model at any collider
with good efficiency and minimal risk
for errors?
Too good to be true?

Imagine a hard process simulation
program which can simulate any
process in any model at any collider
with good efficiency and minimal risk
for errors?
It exists! (or something

very close)
(and is easy to use)

MadGraph/MadEvent
[Long, Stelzer, 1994; Maltoni, Stelzer, 2003]
Matrix element / event generation of any process:

● User requests a process (ex. pp>tt~jjj) and the
corresponding code is generated on the fly
(up to 10 external particles, max. 10000 diagrams)
● User inputs model/collider parameters/cuts, and code
runs locally or on our computer clusters
● Returns Feynman diagrams, cross section,
parton-level events
● Limitations:
– Tree-level amplitudes, based on Feynman diagrams
– Optimization on single procs limited by generality
MadGraph/MadEvent v. 4
[JA et al., arXiv:0706.2334]
Features of 2007 release, v. 4.0:

● Complete web simulation:
MadGraph/MadEvent → Pythia → PGS/Delphes
● Personal web databases for all users
● Several complete models: SM, HEFT, MSSM, 2HDM
● USRMOD: Easy new model implementation from SM
● Multiple processes in single generation
● “SUSY Les Houches Accord” for all model parameters
● Analysis platforms: ExRootAnalysis and MadAnalysis
MG/ME workflow
FeynRules

Input cards
●
proc_card.dat: Defines the process to generate
●
param_card.dat: Defines model parameters,
masses, couplings, decay widths
●
run_card.dat: Defines which collider to simulate
and cuts to use
● plot_card.dat, pythia_card.dat,
pgs_card.dat: Defines parameters for analysis,
hadronization, and detector simulation

So, how do I use MG/ME?
1. Open your browser

2. Go to one of our sites
3. Create a process
4. Generate events
Sounds easy? It is!
Let me show you!

Syntax examples
pp > tt~j : Generate all combinations of processes

for particles defined in multiparticle labels p / j
pp > tt~ > bb~W+W- : Only allow diagrams with
t and t~ in s-channel
pp > W+W- / h : Exclude any diagrams with h
pp > (t > bW+)(t~ > b~W-) : Decay chain,
only diagrams compatible with given decay;
only t / t~ close to mass shell

Recent developments (after v. 4.0)
[JA et al., arXiv:0809.2410]
● FeynRules – models directly from Lagrangian

● USRMOD 2 – user model starting from any model
● Decay chain specifications
● Decay width calculation A>BC...
● Matching for SM&BSM processes
● Grid Version
● Dipole subtraction for NLO real contributions
● MadWeight
● MadOnia
[JA et al., arXiv:0809.2410]
In th
is le
FeynRules – models directly from Lagrangian ctur
●
e
● Grid Version
● Dipole subtraction for NLO real contributions
● MadWeight
● MadOnia
Implementing new models
Ways to implement your own model in MG/ME:

1) Modify existing model (e.g. changing couplings)
2) User model framework (new particles/interactions)
– Add new particles
– Add new interactions
– Enter expressions for the new couplings
– Script generates all files needed by MadEvent!
3) FeynRules
– Directly from Lagrangian to implementation
User model implementation
● Easy and quick implementation, especially when

complexity of added sector is not too large
● Example:
QCD T' pair production with
T' → Aht in Little Higgs
model with T parity
Hubisz, Meade [hep-ph/0411264]

Specify new particles and interactions

particles.dat
interactions.dat


particles.dat
interactions.dat
Run script. Modify couplings

couplings.f


particles.dat
interactions.dat
Run script. Modify couplings You are ready to

couplings.f
start generating
processes!

FeynRules
[Christiansen, Duhr, arXiv:0806.4194]
Model-file
Lagrangian
Particles, parameters, ...
FeynRules
TeX Feynman rules
MC interfaces
FeynArts CalcHep MadGraph Sherpa more...
FormCalc Pythia
FeynRules
[Christiansen, Duhr, arXiv:0806.4194]
● Mathematica package for derivation of

Feynman rules from any Lagrangian
● Specify model content (particles, coupling
relations) and Lagrangian
● Interfaces to MC tools
– Theory tools: FeynArts/CalcHep/MadGraph (loops,
DM constraints, parton level MC/plots)
– Experimental tools: MG/ME, Sherpa (already in exp.
frameworks)
● Implementation example in backup slides
USRMOD II
● From v. 4.4.26, FeynRules-generated

implementations for all models included in
MadGraph
● New USRMOD can start from any FeynRules-
generated model, made by any author
● Useful e.g. to add content to the MSSM


● Grid Version
● Automatic dipole subtraction
● MadWeight
● MadOnia
Decay width calculation
● MadGraph/MadEvent need info on total decay

width of unstable particles
● For new models: two ways of automatically
calculate decay widths:
– BRIDGE: Dedicated tool for calculation of 2-
and 3-body decays [Meade, Reece, 2007]
– MG/ME: Specify all relevant decays in
proc_card, run as usual (result in GeV)
Example: tp > zp t
Also multiparticle decays work: h > l+l-l+l-
SUSY vs. UED – spin effects
Long decay chains give information on intermediate
particle masses and spins through edge and endpoint
positions and shapes
Beware of common
simplifications:
0. Production and decay
factorized
1. Spin ignored
2. Chains only through
1 → 2 decays.
3. Narrow width
approximation
employed.
4. Non-resonant
diagrams ignored.
Decay chains in MG/ME
gg>(go>u~(ul>u n1))(go>b~(b1>(b(n2>mu+(mul->mu- n1)))))
1. Full matrix element with all
correlations between
production and decay
2. 1 → N decays possible
3. BW for all resonances
4. Non-resonant contributions
can be included only where
relevant

Decay chains in MG/ME
gg>(go>u~(ul>u n1))(go>b~(b1>(b(n2>mu+(mul->mu- n1)))))
1. Full matrix element with all
correlations between
production and decay
2. 1 → N decays possible
3. BW for all resonances
4. Non-resonant contributions
can be included only where
relevant
Example safe simplification: factorize process at scalar decay
gg>(go>u~ ul)(go>b~ b1)
Decay scalars at event level with MG or BRIDGE
ul > u n1
b1 > b(n2>mu+(mul->mu- n1))

● Grid Version
● Automatic dipole subtraction
● MadWeight
● MadOnia
Simulating QCD radiation
● For any New Physics signature involving hard

jets, it is crucial to correctly simulate hard jet
production in Standard Model backgrounds
● Besides top quark decay, the only source of
hard jets in the SM is QCD radiation. Examples:
– W/Z production plus jets
– Hard photon plus jets
– Top quark pairs plus extra jets
(esp. > 4 jet or dilepton + > 2 jet signals)
– QCD multijet production
● For any New Physics signature involving hard

jets, it is crucial to correctly simulate hard jet
production in Standard Model backgrounds
● Besides top quark decay, the only source of
hard jets in the SM is QCD radiation. Examples:
g Z
g g
_
(beam) q q (beam)
The Parton shower approach
● For soft jets, and jets at large rapidity (small angle

with beam), use Parton Shower approach:
– Based on 1→2 splittings in collinear approximation
of QCD (cf. photon emissions in QED)
– Step-by-step subsequent QCD emissions
– Fast, computationally cheap
– No limit on particle multiplicity
● However, only formally valid in the soft and
collinear regions of phase space

The Matrix Element approach
● For high-pT, central and widely separated jets, full

matrix element calculations necessary
– Includes subleading, non-logarithmic terms
– Includes interference between diagrams
– Describes jet production away from the soft and
colllinear region
– Fixed parton multiplicity
– Slow, large computer resources needed
● Diverges in the soft and collinear region (due to
non-resummation of logarithms)
Cross section (pb)
Jet def. cutoff ʃ pT(N-th jet) > x (GeV)

Parton showers can get multiple hard jet production
from QCD radiation wrong by orders of magnitude
We need to simultaneously simulate jets
throughout both the hard and soft/collinear regions,
for several jet multiplicities (e.g. Z+0,1,2,3,4 jets).
Problems:
– Double counting between samples
0-jet ME event
+
1-jet ME event

Problems:
0-jet ME event
+ PS
+ Double counting!
1-jet ME event

Problems:
– Discontinuities in distributions
PS ME Matched
ME+
PS

Solution: “Jet matching” between ME and PS

– Separate “hard jet” and “soft/collinear jet” regions
using phase-space cutoff
– Allow ME jets to populate only “hard” region and PS
emissions only “soft” region
– Modify ME description to mimick the parton shower
near the cutoff
– Schemes: Catani, Krauss, Kuhn, Webber [2001],
M.L. Mangano [2002, 2006]
Multiple variants (J.A. et al, 2007)

Matching in MadGraph/MadEvent
Example: Simulation of e+e- with 0, 1, 2, 3 jets
proc_card.dat: run_card.dat:
pp > e+e @0 …
… 1 = ickkw Matching on
pp > e+ej @1 …
… 15 = xqcut
pp > e+ejj @2
… Matching scale
pp > e+ejjj @3 (cut between ME and PS)
…
Matching automatically done when run

through MadEvent and Pythia interface
Sanity checks for matching
● pT(W+/-) at the Tevatron (run 1)
● Comparison of W+jets production between

AlpGen, MadGraph, Sherpa et al. [arXiv:0706.2569]
Conclusions
The MadGraph philosophy:

– Provide you with a complete set of tools for
simulation and analysis of Standard Model and
New Physics processes
– Minimize time you spend on simulation difficulties
– Allow you to spend your time on physics problems
– Our approach:
● Complete web interface (process and event generation)
● Completely open and easily customizable source code
● Support to spin-offs, periferal tools, custom needs
● Fast response to user requests
Visit us,
generate processes,
generate events!
http://madgraph.hep.uiuc.edu/
http://madgraph.physics.ucl.ac.be/
http://madgraph.roma2.infn.it/
謝謝您
Backup slides

Slides contributed by C. Duhr
MLM matching
Keep Discard unless highest multiplicity

Shower kT scheme
● Keep/reject event based on kT of hardest shower emission

(as reported by Pythia)
● Highest multiplicity treatment as in CKKW, use min dparton
as cutoff
● No jet clustering
● No need of “fiducial region”, can use kTmatch = dcutME
● Need similar kT definitions in ME and PS (only “new”, pT-

ordered showers at present)

MadWeight
[P. Artoisenet, V. Lemaitre, F. Maltoni, O. Mattelaer]
Tool to find matrix element weight of exp. events

for (almost) any process in any model
Phase space integration Find likelihood for model

using automatic change of parameters (here top mass)
variables aligned with peaks
MG/ME on the Grid
[Mad team]
● Optimized/specialized code for given process
● MG code creation as usual
● Selection of parameters (cards) as usual
● Train grids + get relative subprocess cross
sections once and for all in a “gridpack”
● Quick and efficient generation of few events on
single machine – only run relevant channels
● Only input: random seed, number of events

Automatic dipole subtraction
[R. Frederix et al, arXiv:0808.2128]
● Automatic divergence subtraction for the real

corrections in any QCD NLO calculation
– Catani-Seymour subraction scheme
– Standalone implementation
– Both for SM and BSM
– Massless and massive external particles

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MadGraph/MadEvent

– Introduction and mini-tutorial –

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 2

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 3

● Needs (in general) Tools:

QCD/QED in the Tools:

first principles Tools:

● Process independent 4. Underlying

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 10

Too good to be true?

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 11

It exists! (or something

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 12

Matrix element / event generation of any process:

Features of 2007 release, v. 4.0:

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 15

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 16

1. Open your browser

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 17

pp > tt~j : Generate all combinations of processes

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 18

● FeynRules – models directly from Lagrangian

Ways to implement your own model in MG/ME:

● Easy and quick implementation, especially when

Hubisz, Meade [hep-ph/0411264]

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 22

Specify new particles and interactions

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 23

Specify new particles and interactions

Run script. Modify couplings

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 24

Specify new particles and interactions

Run script. Modify couplings You are ready to

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 25

TeX Feynman rules

FeynArts CalcHep MadGraph Sherpa more...

● Mathematica package for derivation of

● From v. 4.4.26, FeynRules-generated

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 28

● FeynRules – models directly from Lagrangian

● MadGraph/MadEvent need info on total decay

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 32

● FeynRules – models directly from Lagrangian

● For any New Physics signature involving hard

● For any New Physics signature involving hard

● For soft jets, and jets at large rapidity (small angle

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 37

● For high-pT, central and widely separated jets, full

Cross section (pb)

Jet def. cutoff ʃ pT(N-th jet) > x (GeV)

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 40

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 41

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 42

Solution: “Jet matching” between ME and PS

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 43

Matching automatically done when run

● pT(W+/-) at the Tevatron (run 1)

● Comparison of W+jets production between

The MadGraph philosophy:

Johan Alwall - MadGraph/MadEvent 48

Keep Discard unless highest multiplicity

● Keep/reject event based on kT of hardest shower emission