Section A

1. The scalar product will be negative when cos(θ) is negative. This will happen
when π/2<θ<3π/2 or, in degrees, 90°<θ<270°.
→ → → →
2. Let 𝐴 = 2𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 4𝑘

→
||
Therefor | 𝐴 = √ ((2)2+(-2)2+(4)2) = 24 =2 6
3. Vectors have magnitude and direction.

4. A zero vector or null vector is a vector that has zero magnitude and an arbitrary direction. It
→
is denoted by 0

5. Position vector gives the position of object with reference to the origin of a co-ordinate
system. Displacement vector is a vector which tells how much and in which direction an
object has changed its position in a given time interval.

6. It is the process of splitting a vector into two or more vectors in such a way that their
combined effect is same as that of original vector.

7. Dot or scalar product of two vectors is de ined as the product of the magnitude of two vectors
and cosine angle ‘θ' between tem.
i.e. 𝐴𝐵 = I 𝐴 II 𝐵 cos θ = ABcos θ
As A, B & Cos θ are scalars,
..˙𝐴𝐵 is a scalar.

8. The Vector or cross product of two vector is de ined as the vector whose magnitude is equal
to the product of the magnitude of two vector & sign of angle between them & whose direct is
perpendicular to the plane of the two vectors & is given by right hand rule.

𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ

9. The vectors which represent rotational effect and act along the axis of rotation accordance
with right hand screw rule are called axial vector. And the vector which have a point of
application are called polar vector.

10. Scalar quantities: the physical quantities which have only magnitude & no direction are called
scalar quantities or scalars.
Example: Mass, volume time etc.

1
Vector quantities: The physical quantities which have both magnitude and direction and obey laws of
vector addition are called vectors. Example : Displacement, velocity, force etc.

11. Parallelogram law of vector addition: if two vectors can be represented both in magnitude and
direction by the two adjacent side of a parallelogram drawn from a common point, then their
result is completely represented, both in magnitude & direction, by the diagonal of the
parallelogram passing, through that point.
Illustration : To add two vectors 𝐴&𝐵 , draw a vector O𝑃 equal and parallel to 𝐴and vector 𝑂θ equal
and parallel to 𝐵 . Complete the parallelogram OPSQ. Then the diagonal O𝑠 gives the resultant
vector 𝑅.

𝑂𝑆 = 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑂𝑄
𝑅=𝐴+ 𝐵

12. Properties of scalar product

i) The scalar product is commutative i.e.
𝐴 . 𝐵 = 𝐵. 𝐴
ii) The scalar product is distributive over add 𝐴 . (𝐵 + 𝑐) = 𝐴. 𝐵 + 𝐴 . 𝑐
iii) If 𝐴&𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 perpendicular to each other, then their scalar product is zero.
iv) IF 𝐴&𝐵 are two parapllel vector having same direct, then their scalar product has the
maximum positive magnitude.
0
𝐴 . 𝐵 = ABcos 0 =AB
v) Scalar product of two similar base vector is unity and that of two different base
..˙ i.i. = j.j. = k.k. = 1
0
vectorsi.e. i. i. = 1.1 cos0 =1
0
i.j. = 1.1 cos90 = 0 i.j. = j k = k. I = 0

(Note: There are more properties, for 2 marks 3 to 4 properties are enough)

13. Consider two vectors P and Q acting on a body and represented both in
magnitude and direction by sides OA and AB respectively of a triangle OAB. Let θ
be the angle between P and Q. Let R be the resultant of vectors P and Q. Then,
according to triangle law of vector addition, side OB represents the resultant
of P and Q.

2
So, we have R = P + Q

Now, expand A to C and draw BC perpendicular to OC.

From triangle OCB,

In triangle ACB,

Also,

Magnitude of resultant:
Substituting value of AC and BC in (i), we get

3
which is the magnitude of resultant.

Direction of resultant: Let ø be the angle made by resultant R with P. Then,

From triangle OBC,

which is the direction of resultant.

14. When a bird iles it pushes the air with force 𝐹1&𝐹2 in the downward direct with its wings
𝑤1&𝑤2. The lines of action of these two forces meet at point 0. In accordance with newton’s
third law of motion the air exerts equal and opposite react𝑅1&𝑅2. According to the
parallelogram law, the resultant R of the react 𝑅1&𝑅2. Acts on the bird in the upward
direction & helps the bird to ly upward.

15. Equal vectors: Two vectors are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and same
direction.

ii) Modules of a vector: The modulus of a vector means the length or the magnitude of
that vector. It is a scalar.
Modulus of vector 𝐴 = 𝐴 = A

ii) Collinear vectors: the vectors which either act along the same line or along parallel
lines are called collinear vectors. Two collinear vectors having the same direct (
0
θ = 𝑂 ) are called collinear vectors. Two collinear vectors having the opposition
0
directions ((θ = 180 ) are called unlike or antiparallel vectors.

4
 iii) Negative of a vector: The negative of a vector is de ined as another vector having the
same magnitude but having an opposite direction.

iv) Unit vector: A unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude drawn in the direction of a given
vector
→
^ 𝐴
𝐴= →
|𝐴|

vi) Coplanar vectors: The vectors which act in the same plane are called coplanar vectors.

16.

17. Magnitude of vector addition are

i) Triangular law of vector addition: if two vectors can be represented both in magnitude
& direction by the two side of a triangle taken in the same order, then their resultant is
represented completely, both in magnitude & direction, by the third side of the triangle
taken in the opposite order.

𝑅=𝐴 +𝐵
5
 ii) Parallelogram law of vector addition :
If two vectors can be represented both in magnitude & direction by the two adjacent sides of
parallelogram drawn from a common point, then their resultant is completely
represented, both in magnitude and direction, by diagonal of the parallelogram passing
through the point. 𝑅 = 𝐴 + 𝐵

iii) Polygon law of vector addition: If a number of vector are represented both in
magnitude and direction by the sides of an open polygon taken in the same order, then
their resultant is represented both in magnitude and direction by the closing sice of the
polygon taken in opposite order.

𝑅=𝐴 +𝐵 + 𝑐 + 𝐷

18. SAME AS Q. N. 13
→
19. Yes, If given 𝐵 vector is Null vector (Zero vector)

2 2
20. R = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑂𝑆 θ , If the angle between two vector is Zero i.e cos⌀=1

21. Fx=Fcos⌀ =8 cos45 = 5.65N (along X-axis)

And Fy=Fsin⌀ = 8 sin45 = 5.65N (along Y-axis)

^ ^ 0 ^ →
i) 𝑖 𝑥 𝑘 = (1)(1) sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 90 (− 𝑖) = − 𝑗

^ ^ 0
22. ii) 𝑖 𝑥 𝑘 = (1)(1)90 = 0
→ →
23. Yes, if the angle between 𝐴 and 𝐵 is 450

24.
Let P = 3x N & Q = 5x N

0
R =35N, θ= 60

2 2
R= 𝑃 + 𝑄 + 2𝑃𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ

2 2 2 0
35 = (9𝑥 + 25𝑥 + 30𝑥 cos 60 )

6
 2
35 = 49 𝑥

7x = 35

X=5

..˙ 𝑃 = 15𝑁& Q = 25N

25.
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
𝐴 =3 𝑖 + 2𝑗, 𝐵 = 𝑖 - 2𝑗 − 3𝑘
^ ^
A+B=4𝑖+3𝑘

..˙magnitude of A + B is

2+ 2
|𝐴 + 𝐵 | = 4 3 =5

Similarly

^ ^ ^
A- B = 2 𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 3𝑘

|𝐴 − 𝐵 | = 4 + 16 + 9 = 29

26.
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
A = 2𝑖 -6𝑗 - 3𝑘 and B = 4𝑖 +3𝑗 -𝑘
→ → ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Resultant :𝐴 + 𝐵 = (2 + 4)𝑖 + (− 6 + 3)𝑗 + (− 3 − 1)𝑘 = 6𝑖 − 3𝑗 − 4𝑘
→ →
Magnitude: |𝐴 + 𝐵 | = (62) + (− 3)2 + (− 4)2 = 61
^ ^ ^
^ 6𝑖−3𝑗−4𝑘
Unit vector 𝑛 =
61

27. As the given vector is unit vector

^ ^ ^
|
i.e. 0. 4𝑖 + 0. 8𝑗 + ƛ𝑘 = 1 |
2 2 2
0. 4 + 0. 8 + ƛ = 1
ƛ2 = 1-(0.4)2-(0.8)2 = 0.2
ƛ = 0. 2
28.
7
29.
0
R = 50 N when θ = 90

0
& R = 10 N When θ = 180

2 2
R= 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ

2 2
10 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐴𝐵

10 = A – B

A = 10 + B

Similarly

2 2
50 = 𝐴 +𝐵 + 0

2 2
50 = 𝐴 +𝐵

2 2
2500 = (10 + 𝐵 ) + 𝐵

2 2
2500 = 100+ 𝐵 +20B + 𝐵

2
2𝐵 + 20B – 2400 = 0

2
𝐵 + 10B – 1200 =0

2
𝐵 + 40B – 30B - 1200 =0

8
 B(B+40) – 30 (B+40) = 0

..˙B = 30 or B = -40

..˙ A = 40 or A = -30

30:
i) Scalar Product:
→ →
𝐴. 𝐵 = ABcos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ = 2𝑥 3 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 60

1
=6x2 = 3

→ →
ii) 𝐴𝑥 𝐵 = AB sinθ = 2x3xsin 60
3
=6x 2
=3 3

2 𝑄 2 2
Clearly, 𝑃 + ( 2
) = 𝑄

2 3 2 2 3
𝑃 + 4
𝑄 = 𝑄 or p = 2
Q

..˙tanθ =
𝑄/2 1
𝑝
= 2
𝑄 =
32 3

1
tanθ =
3

..˙θ = 30
0

Angles between 𝑃→ & 𝑄→

0 0 0 0
β = 180 - θ = 180 − 30 = 150

32. Properties of vector product :

i) Vector product is anti – commutative
→ → → →
i.e.𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 = −𝐵𝑥𝐴

9
 → → → → → → →
ii) Vector product is distributive over addition i.e. 𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 + 𝐴 𝑥 𝐶 ( )
iii) Vector product of two parallel or antiparallel vector is a null vector. Thus
→ → 0 0 ^ →
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 = AB sin (𝑂 𝑜𝑟 180 ) 𝑛 = 0

iv) Vector product of a vector with itself is a null vector

→ → 0 →
𝐴 𝑥 𝐴= AA sin 𝑂 = 0

v) Vector product of orthogonal unit vectors is cyclic. The magnitude of each of the vectors
^ ^ ^ 0
𝑖, 𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 1& the angle between any two of the is 90
^ ^ 0^ ^
𝑖 𝑥 𝑗 = (1) (1) sin 90 𝑛 = 𝑛

As n is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of i& j, so it is just the third vector k

^ ^ ^
..˙𝑖 𝑥 𝑗 = 𝑘

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
Similarly 𝑗 𝑥 𝑘 = 𝑖, 𝑘 𝑥 𝑖 = 𝑗

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
𝑗 𝑥 𝑖 =− 𝑘, 𝑘 𝑥 𝑗 = −𝑖, 𝑖𝑥𝑘= −𝑗

^ ^ 0^ →
Also, 𝑖 𝑥 𝑖 = = (1) (1) sin 0 𝑛 = 0

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ →
𝑖𝑥 𝑖 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑘 = 𝑗𝑥 𝑗 = 0

vii) The vector product of two vectors can be expressed in terms of their rectangular
components as a determinant
→ → ^^ ^
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 = 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧

[Note: for 2 marks write any 3 to 4 properties & for 3 marks write any 5 to 6 properties;

33.

10
34.
11
From the above diagram, we can directly ind the α made by the resultant with the 10kg wt.

5(𝑠𝑖𝑛120)
Therefore , tan α = [10+5(𝑐𝑜𝑠120)]

i.e.tan α = 0.577
α = tan-1(0.577) =300
This is the angle made by the resultant with the 10kg wt force.

35.

37.
→
𝐴 = 2i + 2 j + k
12
→
𝐵 = 2i + 2 j – k

→ →
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 = 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 2 2 1 1 2 − 1 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒.

= i (-2 – 2) – j (-2 – 1) + k (4-2)

→ →
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 = -4 i + 3j + 2k

38.
→ →
By parallelogram law, the resultant velocity 𝑉 is equal to the diagolnal 𝑂𝐶. Its magnitude is

2 2 0
V= 𝑉𝑏 + 𝑉𝑐 + 2𝑉𝑏 𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 120

2
= 25 + 10 + 2𝑥 25𝑥 10 −
2
( 1
2 )
=21.8 km/h

→
Suppose the resultant velocity 𝑉 makes angle β with the north direction. Then
0
𝑉𝑐sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 120
tan β = 0
𝑉𝑏+𝑉𝑐cos𝑐𝑜𝑠 120

10 𝑥 ( 3/2)
= 0
𝑉𝑏+𝑉𝑐cos𝑐𝑜𝑠 120

3
= 4
= (0.433

−1
β = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (0.433)

0 '
β = 23 24

13
39.
→ →
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 = 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 6 9 − 12 2 3 − 4

= i (-36 + 36) – j (-24 + 24) + k (18 -18)

→ →
= 0 hence 𝐴 || 𝐵

40.
→
𝐴= 2𝑖 + 3𝑗 + 4𝑘
→
𝐵 = 9𝑖 + 9 𝑗 − 9 𝑘
→ →
𝐴 . 𝐵 = (2i +3 j +4 k) (9i+9j – 9k)

=2x9+3x9–4x9

[..˙i. i = j . j = k . k = i]

= 18 + 27 – 36
=9
→
41. 𝐹 = 7𝑖 + 6𝑘 N
→
𝑉 = 3𝑖 + 4𝑘 𝑚/𝑠
→ →
P=𝐹.𝑉

= (7i + 6k).(3i + 4k)

= 21 +24

P = 45 W

42.
→
𝑟 = 2 i + 3j + 5k
→
𝑝= 3 i – 4 j + 5k
→ → →
𝐿=𝑟 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑖𝑗𝑘2353 − 45

14
 →
..˙𝐿 = (15 + 20) i + (15-10) j + (-8 -9) k
→
𝐿 =35i + 5j– 17k

43.
→
𝐴 = i + 2j +3k
→
𝐵 = 2i - 3j + k

Area of parallelogram is give by

→ →
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 =𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 1 2 3 2 − 3 1

= i (2+ 9) – j ( 1 -6 ) + k (-3-4)
→ →
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 = 11 𝑖 + 5𝑗 − 7𝑘

→ → 2 2 2
|𝐴 𝑥 𝐵| = (11) + (5) + (− 7)

= 121 + 25 + 49
→ →
|𝐴 𝑥 𝐵| = 13. 96 units
44.

(2ai+aj-4k).(ai-2j+k)=0
2a2 - 2a - 4 =0
a2 -a -2=0
a(a-2)+1(a-2)=0
(a+1)(a-2)=0
Therefore, a=-1 or a=2

45. Answer is same as Q.no. 13

→ 2 2
46. |𝐴| = 3 + 4 =5
→
Unit vector in the direction of 𝐴 is

15
 →
^ 𝐴 1 ^ ^
𝐴= → = 5
(3𝑖 + 4𝑗)
|𝐴|
→ 2 2
Also, |𝐵| = 7 + 24 = 25
→ →
The vector having the same magnitude as 𝐵 and parallel to 𝐴
→ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
|| 1
= 𝐵 𝐴 =25x 5 (3𝑖 + 4𝑗) = 15𝑖 + 20𝑗

47.

16
48.

17
49.

18
50. 1) Villager has loving nature and knows the importance of natural
resources.
2) A=20N, R=30N, B=20N find θ.
2 2
R= 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
30 =(20) +(20)2+2x20x20cos θ
2 2

i.e. θ = 82049’

19