LITTLE WONDERS CONVENT SCHOOL

Submitted by : Submitted to:

Arpan jaiswal Raman Sir
Subject: Mathematics

PART B
Using Vector algebra , find the area of parallelogram .
Also, derive the area analytically and verify the same.

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 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of my
gratitude to my teacher Mr. Raman Shrivastav,
who gave me golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project of mathematics on “Conditional
Probability” and “Baye’s Theorem” , who also
helped me in completing my project. I came to
know about so many new things , I am really
thankful to them. Secondly I would also like to
thanks my parents and my brother who helped me
a lot in finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.

Arpan jaiswal
XII P.C.M

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 Certificate
This is to certify that arpan jaiswal , a student
of class XII has successfully completed the
research on the project under the guidance of
Mr. Raman Shrivastav during the year 2020 –
2021.

Name of Name of
Examiner Teacher
Signatur Signatur
e e

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 vector:
Vector, in mathematics, a quantity that has
both magnitude and direction but not position.
Vector, in Maths, is an object which has magnitude and
direction both. Magnitude defines the size of the
vector. It is represented by a line with an arrow, where
the length of the line is the magnitude of the vector and
arrow shows the direction. It is also known as
Euclidean vector or Geometric vector or Spatial vector
or simply “ vector “.
For example:
vector v = (1,3) is not a unit vector, because its
magnitude is not equal to 1, i.e., |v| =
1. Any vector can become a unit vector by dividing it
by the magnitude of the given vector.

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 Unit Vector Formula
As explained above vectors have both magnitude
(Value) and a direction. They are shown with an arrow
a⃗ . a^ denotes a unit vector. If we want to change any
vector in unit vector, divide it by the vector’s
magnitude. Usually, xyz coordinates are used to write
any vector.
It can be done in two ways:
1.a⃗ = (x, y, z) using the brackets.
2.a⃗ = xi^ + y j^ +z k^
Formula for magnitude of a vector is:

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 Position vector :
Position vector, straight line having one end fixed to a
body and the other end attached to a moving point and
used to describe the position of the point relative to the
body. As the point moves, the position vector will
change in length or in direction or in both length and
direction.

Localized Vectors :
A vector which is drawn parallel to a given vector
through a specified point in space is called localized
vector.

Like and Unlike Vectors :

Vectors are said to be like when they have the same
direction and unlike when they have opposite
direction.
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Negative of a Vector:
 A vector having the same magnitude as that of a given
vector a and the direction opposite to that of a is called
the negative of a and it is denoted by —a.

Collinear or Parallel Vectors:

Vectors having the same or parallel
supports are called collinear vectors.

What is Triangle Law of Vector

Addition:
Triangle law of vector addition states that
when two vectors are represented as two sides
of the triangle with the order of magnitude and
direction, then the third side of the triangle
represents the magnitude and direction of the
resultant vector.

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 Triangle law of vector addition
formula (→R=→A+→B)

To obtain →R which is the resultant of the

sum of
→A and →B with the same order of
magnitude and
direction.

Parallelogram Law of Addition:

Parallelogram law states that the sum of the
squares of the length of the four sides of a
parallelogram is equal to the sum of the 8
squares of the length of the two
diagonals. In Euclidean geometry, it is necessary that
the parallelogram should have equal opposite sides.

If ABCD is a parallelogram, then AB = DC

and AD = BC. Then according to the
definition of the parallelogram law, it is
stated as
2(AB)2 + 2 (BC)2 = (AC)2 + (BD)2.
In case the parallelogram is a rectangle, then
the law is stated as:
2(AB)2 + 2 (BC)2 = 2(AC)2
Because in rectangle, two diagonals are
of equal lengths. i.e., (AC = BD)
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If two vectors are acting simultaneously at a point,
then it can be represented both in magnitude and
direction by the adjacent sides drawn from a point.
Therefore, the resultant vector is completely
represented both in direction and magnitude by the
diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the
point.
Consider the above figure,
The vector P and vector Q represents the sides, OA and
OB, respectively.
According to the parallelogram law, the side OC of the
parallelogram represents the resultant vector R.
OA→+OB→=OC→
(or) P⃗ +Q⃗ =R⃗

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 Vector or Cross Product of Two
Vectors

The vector product of the vectors a and b is

denoted by a * b and it is defined as a * b =
(|a| |b| sin θ) n = ab sin θ n …..(i) where, a
= |a|, b= |b|, θ is the angle between the
vectors a and b and n is a unit vector which is
perpendicular to both a and b, such that a, b
and n form a right-handed triad of vectors.

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 Cross product Formula
If θ is the angle between the given vectors,
then the formula for the cross product of
vectors is given by A×B=AB sinθ
Cross Product of Two vectors
Cross product of two vectors is indicated as:

Cross product Properties

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 DOT PRODUCT OF VECTOR
A vector has magnitude (how long it is) and direction:
They can be multiplied using the " Dot Product " (also
see Cross Product ). The Dot Product gives a number
as an answer (a "scalar", not a vector). The Dot
Product is written using a central dot:

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The scalar product of two vectors a and b of
magnitude |a| and |b| is given as |a||b| cos θ,
where θ represents the angle between the vectors a
and b taken in the direction of the vectors. We can
express the scalar product as: a.b=|a||b| cosθ
where |a| and |b| represent the magnitude of the
vectors a and b while cos θ denotes the cosine of the
angle between both the vectors and a.b indicate the
dot product of the two vectors.
In the case, where any of the vectors is zero, the angle
θ is not defined and in such a scenario a.b is given as
zero.

Dot Product Properties of Vector:

• Property 1: Dot product of two vectors is
commutative i.e. a.b = b.a = ab cos θ.
• Property 2: If a.b = 0 then it can be clearly seen
that either b or a is zero or cos θ = 0 ⇒θ = π2. It
suggests that either of the vectors is zero or they
are perpendicular to each other.
• Property 3: Also we know that using scalar
product of vectors (pa).(qb)=(pb).(qa)=pq a.b 14
 • Property 4: The dot product of a vector to itself is
the magnitude squared of the vector i.e. a.a = a.a
cos 0 = a2
• Property 5: The dot product follows the
distributive law also i.e. a.(b + c) = a.b + a.c
• Property 6: In terms of orthogonal co-ordinates
for mutually perpendicular vectors it is seen that
i^.i^ = j^.j^= k^.k^ =1
• Property 7: In terms of unit vectors if a=
a1i^+a2j^+a3k^ and b=b1i^+b2j^+b3k^ th en

a.b=(a1i^+a2j^+a3k^).(b1i^+b2j^+b3k^)
⇒a1b1+a2b2+a3b3 = abcosθ
HOW TO FIND AREA OF A TRIANGLE:

In vector theory, vectors are visualized as directed line segments

whose lengths are their magnitudes. We will use this concept well
in this concept explanation, the area of a triangle formed by
vectors. Normally when we try to find out the area of a triangle,
we usually find

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out the value by the formula of Heron’s Formula. We
can express the area of a triangle by vectors also.
We know that in a parallelogram when the two adjacent sides
are given by {AB}AB and {AC}AC and the angle between the
two sides are given by θ then the area of the parallelogram will
be given by | AB×AC and the value will be given by ×l l

A triangle divides a parallelogram into two equal parts, so the

area of the triangle will be given by 1/2 x | . ×
sinθ
EXAMPLE:

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 Parallelogram Area Using Sides
Suppose a and b are the set of parallel sides of a parallelogram
and h is the height, then based on the length of sides and height
of it, the formula for its area is given by:
Area = Base × Height A
=b×h [sq.unit]
Example: If the base of a parallelogram is equal to 5 cm and the
height is 3 cm, then find its area.
Solution: Given, length of base=5 cm and height = 3 cm
As per the formula, Area = 5 × 3 = 15 sq.cm

Parallelogram Area Without Height

If the height of the parallelogram is unknown to us, then we can
use trigonometry concept here to find its area.
Area = ab sin (x)
Where a and b are the length of parallel sides and x is the angle
between the sides of the parallelogram.
Example: The angle between any two sides of a parallelogram
is 90 degrees. If the length of the two

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parallel sides is 3 cm and 4 cm respectively, then find
the area.
Solution: Let a = 3 cm and b=4 cm
x = 90 degrees Area = ab sin (x)
A = 3 × 4 sin (90)
A = 12 sin 90
A = 12 × 1 = 12 sq.cm.
Note: If the angle between the sides of a parallelogram
is 90 degrees, then it is a rectangle.

Parallelogram Area Using Diagonals

The area of any parallelogram can also be calculated
using its diagonal lengths. As we know, there are two
diagonals for a parallelogram, which intersects each
other. Suppose, the diagonals intersect each other at
an angle y, then the area of the parallelogram is given
by:
Area = ½ × d1 × d2 sin(y)
Check the table below to get summarised formulas of
an area of a parallelogram.
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 •b = base of the parallelogram (AB)
• h = height of the parallelogram

• a = side of the parallelogram (AD)

• x = any angle between the sides of the

parallelogram (∠DAB or ∠ADC)

• d1 = diagonal of the parallelogram (p)

• d2 = diagonal of the parallelogram (q)

• y = any angle between at the intersection point of

the diagonals (∠DOA or ∠DOC)

Note: In the above figure,
• DC = AB = b
• AD = BC = a
• ∠DAB = ∠DCB
• ∠ADC = ∠ABC
• O is the intersecting point of the diagonals 19
• ∠DOA = ∠COB ,∠DOC = ∠AOB
RELATION BETWEEN AREA OF
TRAINGLE AND AREA OF
PARALLELOGRAM:

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