ACE+ REVIEW CENTER

APRIL 2023 REVIEW PROGRAM

CIVIL ENGINEERING LICENSURE EXAM

HYDRAULICS AND PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Module 23

Tuesday, January 10, 2023

WATER HAMMER HYDRODYNAMICS

Water hammer is the resulting shock cause by a sudden decrease in the FORCE AGAINST FIXED FLAT PLATES
velocity of fluid.

For Rigid Pipes:

EB
c= √
ρ
For Non-Rigid Pipes:

EB
c= √
E ∙d
ρ (1 + B )
E∙t Dynamic Force
Qγ
FD = ρQv = v
Time for the pressure wave to travel from A to B and back again: g
2L
T=
c FORCE AGAINST FIXED CURVE VANES

Instantaneous Closure (𝒕𝒄 = 𝟎) F Fy v2

The resulting shock due to instantaneous closure given by:
Ph = ρcv
2
𝜙
Rapid Closure (𝒕𝒄 < 𝟐𝑳/𝒄) Fx
It is physically impossible for a valve to be closed instantaneously (𝒕𝒄 = 𝟎).
For a rapid closure (𝒕𝒄 < 𝟐𝑳/𝒄) the maximum pressure near the valve would
still be: 1 𝜃 = deflection angle
v1
Ph = ρcv

Slow Closure (𝒕𝒄 > 𝟐𝑳/𝒄)

For slow closure, the excess pressure produced decreases uniformly from the Dynamic Force
valve at the valve to zero at the intake. The maximum water-hammer Fx = ρQ(v1x − v2x )
pressure developed is given approximately by:
2Lvρ Fy = ρQ(v1y − v2y )
Ph =
tc

FR = √Fx2 + Fy2

FORCE AGAINST MOVING VANES

Fy u v2
F

2 v’
𝜙
Fx v2

u v2y
v1 1 𝜃
𝜃
v’
v’
v2x

Dynamic Force
Qu
Q′ = Au =
v′

Fx = ρQ(v1x − v2x )

Fy = ρQ(v1y − v2y )

F = √Fx2 + Fy2

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