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11
Content
1. Introduction
2. Resistance Connected to an AC Supply
3. Inductance Connected to an AC Supply
4. Capacitance Connected to an AC Supply
5. Resistance and Inductance in Series with
an AC Supply
6. Power Dissipation
7. Capacitance Transducers
8. Problems
2 2
9. Resistance and Capacitance in Series
with an AC Supply
10. Resistance, Inductance and
Capacitance in Series with an AC
Supply
11. AC Supply in Parallel with
Capacitance and with Inductance and
Resistance in Series
Introduction
❑ Electricity supply systems are normally ac (alternating current).
❑ The supply voltage varies sinusoidal
❑ instantaneous applied voltage, v = Vm sin(2ft )
OR v = Vm sin(t )
where
❖ Vm = peak applied voltage in volts
Vm ❖ f = supply frequency in Hz
❖ t = time in seconds.
4 4
Resistance connected to an AC supply
v
Instantaneous current, i=
i R
v = Vm sin (2ft ) R
sin(2ft )
Vm
i=
R
i = I m sin(2ft )
5 5
Root Mean Square (rms) Voltage and Current
❑ The “effective” values of voltage and current over the whole cycle
− Vm − Vm
i= cos(t ) Im =
v = Vm sin(2ft )
t =0
L L L
V V
rms current I= =
L 2fL
−j
Using complex numbers and the j operator I = V
L
Inductive Reactance X L = 2fL = L
v
V V
I =−j =
XL jX L i
v = Vm sin(2ft ) C
i = CVm cos(t )
i
I m = CVm
Current leads Voltage
i = CVm sin t +
2 by 90 degrees
V = VR + VL VL
V = I(R + jXL )
VR
V V
And I = Where, XL = L = 2fL I=
R + jXL R + jL
R 2 + 2 L2
−1 L
Power factor, p.f. = cos( L ) = cos tan
Z= R 2 + 2 L2
R jL = jX L
L
Complex impedance: Z = R + jL R
Z = R 2 + 2 L2
10
10
Exercise:
For the circuit shown below, calculate the rms current I &
phase angle L
i
∠(- L )
V 0.2H
I=
R + L
2 2 2
100V rms
VR VL
I= 2 −j 2 f = 50 Hz
R + L R + L
2 2 2 2 100
L
L = tan −1
R
V i
V = I(R − jX C ) I=
R − jXC i
VC
1 1 V
XC = = I=
R − ( j / C)
but C 2fC
v = Vm sin(2ft )
Complex Impedance Z = (R − j / C ) VR
C C
In Polar Form
V phasor diagram drawn with RMS
I= + C +C identifies current quantities
1 VR
R + 2 2
2 leading voltage
C 1
C = tan −1 I
CR C
V
V
I =
1
R2 +
2C 2 VC
−1 1
VR
Cv
= cos tan v
CR VC
v
13 13
sinusoidal current leading the voltage
j
Z=R− R
C C
1
− jX C = − j
C
1
Z= R + 2 2
2
Z = R2 +
1
C 2C 2
14 14
Exercise:
For the circuit shown, calculate the rms current I & phase angle L
i
V
I= + C
1
R2 +
C2
2
0.1F
VR V / C
I = +
1
j
1
R + 2 2
2
R2 + 2 2 10V rms
C C f = 1000 Hz
1000
But X L = L & X C = 1 / C VC
V
I = VL
R + j ( L − 1 / C)
v = Vm sin(2ft )
VL
Complex Impedance
1 1
2 V
Z = R + j L −
VR
Z = R 2 + L −
R
16 C C 16
V
From previous page I=
R + j ( L − 1 / C)
V(L − 1 / C)
I=
VR
− j I=
V
R − j(L − 1 / C)
R 2 + (L − 1 / C) R 2 + (L − 1 / C) R + (L − 1 / C)
2 2 2 2
L − 1 / C X − XC
s = tan −1
R
or s = tan −1 L
R
V
I =
R 2
(
+ L − 1 / C )2
17 17
V
From previous page I =
R 2 + (L − 1 / C )
2
VL
VL
VR (VL -VC)
I
VL
I
V V=VR V
VC
I
(VC -VL) VR
VC
VC
capacitive resistive inductive
1
Resonant frequency fo =
2 LC
18 18
V
From previous page I =
R 2 + (L − 1 / C )
2
From the above equation for the current it is clear that the magnitude of the
current varies with (and hence frequency, f). This variation is shown in the
graph
V
at o, L = 1/ C I = 0
R
VL = VC and they may be greater than V
1 0 1
0 = & f0 = =
LC 2 2 LC
1H
1000
Answer:
(i) 11.04 mA + 83.6o, 0.111 leading
(ii) 11.04mA, -83.60, 0.111 lagging
(iii) 100mA, 00, 1.0 (in phase)
20 20
AC Supply in Parallel with C, and in Series R &L
VR = I LR R IS ILR
IC
VL = I LR ( jXL ) = I LR ( jL)
VL
VC
V
V = I LR (R + jL) (R − jL )
V V
I LR = = 2
R + jL R + 2 L2
IS = I C + I LR
V
(R − jL )
IC
and IS = jCV +
R + L
2 2 2
( )
S V
V
I
Hence, S = R + j CR 2
+ 2
CL2
−L IS
R + L
2 2 2
IC
21 ILR 21
Exercise:
For the circuit shown calculate the minimum supply current, Is and the
corresponding capacitance C. Frequency is 50 Hz.
☺
100mH
C
240V
40
22 22
Answer: ISmin = 3.71A C = 38.6F
Power Dissipation
We know that: power dissipation | instantaneous = voltage| instantaneous current | instantaneous
p = vi
p = vi = Vm sin(t )I m sin(t ) p=
Vm I m
cos(2t ) − cos( )
2
V I Vm Im
P = m m cos but V= & I=
2 2 2
i cos V P1 Re
כ θ
i i sin
P = Apparent power
P1 = Real power
P2 = Reactive power P2
24 24
Power Factor Correction
Im
V P1 Re
O
I I1 II
i
P22
Pn
P = Apparent power
P1 = Real power
P2 = Reactive power P2
P
P22= New Reactive Power
Pn= New Apparent Power
I= Current to reduce Reactive Power
25 25
Capacitance Transducers
❑ Displacement transducers are often variable capacitors,
❑ Their capacitance varies with movement.
❑ The value may be adjusted by varying either
❖ the distance between the capacitance plates, or
❖ the effective plate area, or
❖ the effective dielectric between the plates
deflection
1. Changing the spacing 2. Adjusting the plate overlap 3. Varying the dielectric between the plates
Where
0 r A 0 = permittivity of free space
Capacitance C= r = relative permittivity of dielectric
d A = area of overlap between the plates
d = distance between the plates
26 26
To determine the displacement by measuring the
capacitance accurately. When the bridge is IB
IA
balanced, R1
C1
1 1
I A R1 = I B I A R2 = I B
jC1 jCT V
R1
CT = C1 V
R2 R2
meter
CT
To achieve the maximum bridge sensitivity:
transducer
❑ the two capacitors should be equal
❑ the resistances equal to the capacitive reactance at the measuring
frequency.
For accurate measurements prevent or minimise:-
❑ stray capacitance between leads and earth
❑ transducer lead inductance
❑ transducer dielectric losses
❑ harmonic distortion (undesired components) in voltage supply
27 27
Linearity of the transducer may be improved by using a
differentially connected displacement device
VMeter
C = C + C C = C - C
displacement
28 28
Conclusion
29 29
Home work
Q1. A 20V 50Hz supply feeds a 20 Resistor in series with a 100mH inductor.
Calculate the circuit (complex) impedance and current.
Q2. A 200V supply feeds a series circuit comprising 250 resistor, 100mH inductor and
a 159nF capacitor. Calculate the resonant frequency fo and the corresponding
current. Also calculate the current when the frequency is:- fo/3 3fo
Q3. A small company connected to 240V, 50Hz single-phase supply draws a current of
40A at 0.8 power factor lagging. A capacitance is connected across the supply to
improve the power factor of the supply current to:
i) unity ii) 0.95 lagging
Calculate the supply current and capacitance in each case.