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21. Introduction
22. Resistance Connected to an AC Supply
23. Inductance Connected to an AC Supply
24. Capacitance Connected to an AC Supply
25. Resistance and Inductance in Series with an AC Supply
26. Resistance and Capacitance in Series with an AC Supply
27. Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in Series with an AC
Supply
28. AC Supply in Parallel with Capacitance and with Inductance and
Resistance in Series
29. Power Dissipation
30. Capacitance Transducers
31. Problems
3 3
Electricity supply systems are normally ac (alternating current).
The supply voltage varies sinusoidal
instantaneous applied voltage, v Vm sin 2ft
OR v Vm sin t
where
Vm = peak applied voltage in volts
Vm
f = supply frequency in Hz
t = time in seconds.
4 4
i
v
Instantaneous current, i
i R
2ft
v Vm sin R V
i m sin 2ft
R
i I m sin 2ft
5 5
The “effective” values of voltage and current over the whole cycle
6 6
di
vL i – instantaneous current
dt
Vm ii
v Vm sin 2ft i cos2ft 2f
2fL
Vm Vm
i cost Im
L L
t 0
v V m sin 2 ft L
Vm Current lags Voltage
i sin t
L 2 by 90 degree
V V
rms current I
L 2fL
j
Using complex numbers and the j operator I V
L
Inductive Reactance X L 2fL L
V V v
I j
XL jX L i
v V sin 2 ft C
i CVm cost
m
i
I m CVm
Current leads Voltage
i CVm sin t
2 by 90 degrees
V VR VL
V L
But VR IR and VL I jX L
v V m sin 2 ft
V
V IR jX L
R
V V
And I Where, X L L 2fL I
R jX L R j L
Complex Impedance Z R j L
V R j L VR VL
Cartesian Form I I 2 j 2
R L R L
2 2 2 2
R jL R jL
-j indicates that the current lags the voltage
9 9
VR VL
Complex Impedance: Z R jL Cartesian Form: I 2 j 2
R L R L
2 2 2 2
R 2 2 L2
1 L
Power factor, p.f. cos L cos tan Z R 2 2L2
R j L jX L
L
Complex impedance: Z R jL R
Z R 2 2 L2
10
10
For the circuit shown below, calculate the rms current I & phase angle L
V 0
.2H
I ∠- L
2 2 2
R L
100
V rm
s
VR VL f=50Hz
I 2 j 2
R L R L 1
00
2 2 2 2
L
L tan 1
R
11 11
V VC VR But VR IR and VC I jX C
V i
V IR jX C I
R jX C i
V V
1 1 C
but XC I
C 2fC R j / C
v V sin 2 ft
Z R j / C
m
Complex Impedance V R
C C
In Polar Form
V phasor diagram drawn with RMS
I C +C identifies current leading quantities
1 V
R
2
R 2 2 voltage
C 1
C tan 1 I
CR C
V
V
I
2 1
R 2 2
C VC
1 1 VR
cos tan
Cv v
CR VC
v
13 13
sinusoidal current leading the voltage
j R
ZR
C C
1
jX C j
C
2 1
Z R 2 2 Z R2
1
C C2
2
14 14
For the circuit shown, calculate the rms current I & phase angle L
i
V
I C
1
R2
C2
2
0
.1F
VR V / C
I j
1 1 10
V rms
R 2 2
2
R2 2 2
C C f=100
0 Hz
1
000
But X L L & X C 1 / C V C
V VL
I
R j L 1 / C
v V m s in 2 ft
V L
Complex Impedance
1 1
2 VV R
Z R j L
Z R 2 L
R
16 C C
16
V
From previous page I
R j L 1 / C
VR VL 1 / C V
I j I R jL 1 / C
R 2 L 1 / C R 2 L 1 / C R L 1 / C
2 2 2 2
L 1 / C X XC
s tan 1 s tan 1 L
R or R
V
I
R 2 L 1 / C
2
17 17
V
From previous page I
R 2 L 1 / C
2
VL
VL
VR (VL -VC)
I
VL
I
V V=VR V
VC
I
(VC -VL) VR
VC
VC
capacitive resistive inductive
1
Resonant frequency fo
2 LC
18 18
V
From previous page I
R 2 L 1 / C
2
From the above equation for the current it is clear that the magnitude of the
current varies with (and hence frequency, f). This variation is shown in
the graph
V
at o, L 1 / C I 0
R
VL = VC and they may be greater than V
1 0 1
0 & f0
LC 2 2 LC
1H
1000
Answer:
(i) 11.04 mA + 83.6o, 0.111 leading
(ii) 11.04mA, -83.60, 0.111 lagging
(iii) 100mA, 00, 1.0 (in phase)
20 20
IS I C I LR V VC VR VL Can U name the Laws?
VL I LR jX L I LR jL
VL
VC
V
R L IC
21 ILR 21
For the circuit shown calculate the minimum supply current, Is and the
corresponding capacitance C. Frequency is 50 Hz.
How about you try this one
IS
too?
100mH
240V
C
40
22 22
Answer: ISmin = 3.71A C = 38.6F
We know that: power dissipation | instantaneous = voltage| instantaneous current | instantaneous
p vi
Vm I m
p vi Vm sint I m sint p cos2t cos
2
V I Vm Im
P m m cos but V & I
2 2 2
23
Therefore, net power transfer P VI cos
23
Im
i cos V P1 Re
כ θ
i
i sin
P = Apparent power
P1 = Real power
P2 = Reactive power P2
24 24
Im
V P1 Re
O
I I1 II
i
P22
Pn
P = Apparent power
P1 = Real power
P2 = Reactive power P2
P
P22= New Reactive Power
Pn= New Apparent Power
I= Current to reduce Reactive Power
25 25
Displacement transducers are often variable capacitors,
Their capacitance varies with movement.
The value may be adjusted by varying either
the distance between the capacitance plates, or
the effective plate area, or
the effective dielectric between the plates
deflection
1. Changing the spacing 2. Adjusting the plate overlap 3. Varying the dielectric between the plates
Where
A 0 = permittivity of free space
Capacitance C 0 r r = relative permittivity of dielectric
d
A = area of overlap between the plates
d = distance between the plates
26 26
To determine the displacement by measuring the
IB
capacitance accurately. When the bridge is IA
C1
R1
balanced,
1 1
I A R1 I B I A R2 I B
jC1 jCT V
R1
CT C1 V
R2 R2
meter
CT
To achieve the maximum bridge sensitivity:
transducer
the two capacitors should be equal
the resistances equal to the capacitive reactance at the measuring
frequency.
For accurate measurements prevent or minimise:-
stray capacitance between leads and earth
transducer lead inductance
transducer dielectric losses
harmonic distortion (undesired components) in voltage supply
27 27
Linearity of the transducer may be improved by using a
differentially connected displacement device
VMeter
C = C + C C = C - C
displacement
28 28
1. AC supply with resistive load, RL in series, RC in
series, RLC in series, and RLC in parallel.
2. Phasor & Cartesian representations.
3. Phase angle and power factor.
4. Dissipated Power.
5. Applications: Capacitance transducer
29 29
Q 1. A 20V 50Hz supply feeds a 20 Resistor in series with a 100mH inductor.
Calculate the circuit (complex) impedance and current.
Q 2. A 200V supply feeds a series circuit comprising 250 resistor, 100mH inductor and
a 159nF capacitor. Calculate the resonant frequency fo and the corresponding
current. Also calculate the current when the frequency is:- fo/3 3fo