Electronics Systems

Chapter 1
Power Supplies
Contents
 Introduction
 Power Supply
 Rectifier
 Performance Parameters of Power Supplies
 Filtering
 Voltage Multipliers
 Voltage Regulator
 Comparison of Linear Power Supply and
SMPS
Introduction
 Power supplies are required to power electronic
equipments.
 The function of an electronic power supply unit is
to convert the ac or dc line power into the required
dc voltages according to the current demands of a
particular system.
 A power supply circuit is usually built using:
 Rectifiers to obtain a steady dc voltage from the ac
voltage,
 Filters to get a dc level,
 Regulators to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage which
remains the same even if the input dc voltage varies or
the output load connected to the dc voltage changes.
Power Supply

 The functional blocks required for conversion of ac

input to dc output voltage in an electronic power supply
unit are a power transformer, a diode rectifier
circuit, a filter circuit and a regulator.
 The power transformer steps down the ac voltage to
about the desired voltage. The rectifier converts the ac
voltage from the transformer into a pulsating dc
voltage. The filter smoothes out the pulsating dc
voltage. Finally, the regulator maintains a constant
output regardless of variations in ac voltage or the
current required by the load or both.
Rectifier
 Half-wave Rectifier
Rectifier
 Half-wave Rectifier (cont’d)

Vout  Vout dc  Vout ac  Vout av  Vout ripple

1 2 Vm
vS  Vm sin t Vout dc   Vout t  dt 
2 0 
1 2 Vm
Vout rms   V   t  d t 
2

2
out
0 2
Rectifier
 Full-wave Rectifier Using Centre-tap
Transformer
Rectifier
 Full-wave Rectifier Using Centre-tap
Transformer (cont’d)

v A  Vm sin t
vB  Vm sin t
Rectifier
 Full-wave Rectifier Using Centre-tap
Transformer (cont’d)
Vout  Vout dc  Vout ac  Vout av  Vout ripple

1 2 2Vm
Vout dc   Vout t  d t 
2 0 
1 2 Vm
Vout rms   V  t  d t 
2

2 0 out
2
Rectifier
 Full-wave Bridge Rectifier
vS  Vm sin t
Rectifier
 Full-wave Bridge Rectifier (cont’d)

vS  Vm sin t
Rectifier
 Full-wave Bridge Rectifier (cont’d)

Vout  Vout dc  Vout ac  Vout av  Vout ripple

1 2 2Vm
Vout dc   Vout t  d t 
2 0 
1 2 Vm
Vout rms   V  t  d t 
2

2 0 out
2
Performance Parameters
Of Power Supplies
 Rectifier Efficiency or Ratio of Rectification
It is defined as the ratio of the useful output power
(dc power) to the ac input power
Pdc output
r 
Pac input
 Peak Inverse Voltage (P.I.V.) or Peak Reverse
Voltage (P.R.V.)
This is the maximum allowable voltage that the
diode can safely withstand without breakdown.
Performance Parameters
Of Power Supplies
 Ripple Factor
rms value of ac component of output

value of dc component of output

Vout ac rms Vout ripple rms

 
Vout dc Vout av

2
Vout rms  V 2
out dc  V 2
out ac rms  V 2
out av  V 2
out ripple rms
Performance Parameters
Of Power Supplies
 Ripple Factor (cont’d)
2
Vout ac rms  V 2
out ripple rms  V 2
out rms  V 2
out dc  V 2
out rms  V 2
out av

2
V 2
V 2
 Vout rms 
     1
out rms out dc

Vout dc  Vout dc
 
2
I 2
I 2
 I out rms 
     1
out rms out dc

I out dc  I out dc
 
Performance Parameters
Of Power Supplies
 Comparison Of Rectifier Circuits
 Half-wave Rectifier
 r  40.6% P.I .V .  Vm   1.21
 Full-wave Rectifier Using Centre-tap
Transformer
 r  81.2% P.I .V .  2Vm   0.482
 Full-wave Bridge Rectifier
 r  81.2% P.I .V .  Vm   0.482
Example
 The forward resistance of each diode of a full-
wave rectifier using centre-tap transformer is
15 . The voltage across half the secondary
winding is 141.4 sin (t). The load resistance is
1.5 k. Calculate:
(a) the average value of load current,
(b) the ripple factor,
(c) the dc output power,
(d) the ac input power,
(e) the rectifier efficiency
Solution
(a) rd  15, RL  1500, Vm  141.4V
Vm
Im 
rd  RL
2Im 2Vm 2 141.4
I L av     59.42mA
   rd  RL   15  1500 
2 2
 VL rms   I L rms 
  1     1
(b)  VL dc   I L dc
   
Im 2I m
I L rms  , I L dc 
2 
2
 Im  
     1  0.483
 2 2I m 
Solution (cont’d)
(c) Pout dc  I L2 dc RL  0.059422 1500  5.296W

2
I 
(d) Pin ac  I L2 rms  rd  RL    m   rd  RL 
 2
2
 Vm 
   rd  RL 
 r  R  2 
 d L 
2
 141.4 
   15  1500   6.6W
 15  1500   2 
 

Pout dc 5.296
(e) r    80.24%
Pin ac 6.6
Filtering
 Capacitor Filter (Shunt Capacitor Filter)
Filtering
 Capacitor Filter (Shunt Capacitor Filter)
(cont’d)
Filtering
 Capacitor Filter (Shunt Capacitor Filter)
(cont’d)
T Vm IL
Vr  Vm  
CRL fCRL fC

Vr Vr T
vL dc  Vm  vL ac rms  
2 2 3 2CRL 3

 2Vm   2Vm 
iD av  I L 1    iD max  I L 1  2 
 Vr  Vr
   
Filtering
 Capacitor Filter (Shunt Capacitor Filter)
(cont’d)
Single-Phase CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS
R LOAD
Filtering
 Capacitor Filter (Shunt Capacitor Filter)
(cont’d)
Vm IL
Vr  
2 fCRL 2 fC

Vr Vr T
vL dc  Vm  vL ac rms  
2 2 3 4CRL 3

 Vm   Vm 
iD av  I L 1    iD max  I L 1  2 
 2Vr  2Vr
   
Example
 The input of a half-wave rectifier is
vin (t )  100sin(t ) where f  60Hz
Its load resistance is 10 K. Calculate:
(a) the value of capacitor that gives a 2V
ripple,
(b) the conduction angle of the diode,
(c) the average and maximum value of
the diode current.
Solution
Vm
(a) Vr 
fRLC
Vm 100
C   83.3 F
Vr fRL 2  60 10000

2Vr 2 2
(b)   t 
Vm

100
 0.2rd

 2Vm  Vm  2Vm 
(c) iD av  I L 1     1   
 V R V
 r  L  r 

100  2 100 
 1     324mA
10000  2 
 2Vm  Vm  2Vm 
iD max  I L 1  2    1  2 
 V R Vr
 r  L  
100  2 100 
  1  2   638mA
10000  2 
Filtering
 Capacitor Filter (Shunt Capacitor Filter)
(cont’d)
 Diode current considerations
 Surge current

iD sc  CVm
 Using the diode Piecewise-linear equivalent circuit

diD (t ) dvS (t )
CrD  iD (t )  C  IR
dt dt
Filtering
 Capacitor Filter (Shunt Capacitor Filter)
(cont’d)
Filtering
 Capacitor Filter (Shunt Capacitor Filter)
(cont’d)
Filtering
 Capacitor Filter (Shunt Capacitor Filter)
(cont’d)
Advantages Disadvantages
Low cost Capacitor draws more current
Small size and weight
Good characteristics
Can be connected for both
HW and FW rectifiers
Improved D.C. output
Filtering
 Inductor Filter (Series Inductor Filter)
 It is usually used only with full wave rectifiers.
 It is also usually used for high load currents.
Filtering
 Inductor Filter (Series Inductor Filter)
(cont’d)

2Vm 4Vm  cos  2nt 

vFWR (t ) 




n 1 4n  1
2
Filtering
 Inductor Filter (Series Inductor Filter)
(cont’d)
2Vm
4Vm
vFWR (t )   cos  2t  
 3
2Vm 2Vm RL
vL dc  vL ac rms 
 3 L 2
RL

3 L 2
Filtering
 Inductor Filter (Series Inductor Filter)
(cont’d)
Advantages Disadvantages
Reduced output voltage due
Sudden changes in current
to the drop across the
are smoothen out
inductor.
Improved filtering action at
Bulky and large in size
high load currents
Not suitable for HWR
Filtering
 Choke Input Filter (LC Filter)
 It is usually used only with full wave rectifiers.
 It is also usually used for high load currents.
Filtering
 Choke Input Filter (LC Filter)(cont’d)
2Vm 4Vm  cos  2nt 
vFWR (t ) 

 
 n 1 4n  1
2

2Vm 4Vm
vFWR (t )   cos  2t  
 3
2Vm Vm
vL dc  vL ac rms 
 3 LC 2
2

1

6 2 2 LC
Filtering
 Choke Input Filter (LC Filter)(cont’d)
 Analysis of this filter is made assuming that the
inductor current is positive and its reactance is
much greater than the reactance of the capacitor.
1
ii  0 and L
C
2Vm 2Vm  
Since ii (t )   cos  2t   ,
 RL 3 L  2
RL
we should use L
3
Filtering
 Choke Input Filter (LC Filter)(cont’d)
Advantages Disadvantages
Reduced ripples at the output Low output voltage
Action is independent of
Bulky and large in size
load current
Not suitable for HWR.
Filtering
 Pi () Filter or CLC Filter
 It is usually used to generate a high output
voltage at low load currents.
Filtering
 Pi () Filter or CLC Filter (cont’d)
 1 sin  2nt 
n 1

 Vr  Vr
vC1 (t )   Vm 
 2

 

n 1 n
 Vr  Vr
vC1 (t )   Vm    sin  2t  
 2  
Vr Vr
vL dc  Vm  vL ac rms 
2 4 2 LC2 2
2 Vm
 3 since Vr 
8 LC1C2 RL 2 fC1 RL
Filtering
 Pi () Filter or CLC Filter (cont’d)
Advantages Disadvantages
High output voltage Large in size and weight
Less output ripple High cost
Poor voltage regulation, the
Suitable for both HWR and
output voltage varies with
FWR
the load current.
Filtering
 Function Of A Bleeder Resistor In Filter
Circuits
The output voltage of a power supply is often
developed across a bleeder resistor RB.
Filtering
 Function Of A Bleeder Resistor In Filter
Circuits (cont’d)
 It improves voltage regulation of the supply, by
acting as a pre-load.
 It provides safety, when power supply is
switched off, by providing a path for the filter
capacitor to discharge through.
 By maintaining a minimum current through the
choke, it improves its filtering action.
 Value of RB should be such as to conduct 10 per
cent of the total load current.
 Question no 1

Consider the circuit shown above where vi is a triangular waveform with 24V peak-to-peak
amplitude, zero average, and 1kHz frequency. Assume that the diode has a 0.7V drop when
conducting. Using a resistance R = 100Ω and a capacitor C = 100μF:

(a) Sketch and clearly label vi(t) and vo(t) on the same graph.
(b) Calculate the average dc output voltage.
(c) Calculate the ripple factor of the output voltage.
(d) Calculate the time interval during which the diode conducts.
(e) Calculate the average diode current during conduction.
(f) Calculate the maximum diode current.
Voltage Multipliers
 Half-wave Voltage Doubler
Voltage Multipliers
 Full-wave Voltage Doubler
Voltage Multipliers
 Voltage Tripler and Quadrupler
Voltage Regulator
 An ideal regulated power supply provides a
dc output, which is independent of:
 the current drawn by the load,
 any variations in the input ac line voltage, and
 any changes in the temperature of its parts.
 The degree to which a power supply provides
a constant output voltage under the above
conditions is termed the figure of merit of the
power supply.
Voltage Regulator
 The output dc voltage Vo depends on the
input unregulated dc voltage Vin, load current
IL and temperature T so that the change in
output voltage Vo is:
Vo Vo Vo
Vo  Vin  I L  T
Vin I L T
or
Vo  Sv Vin  Ro I L  ST T
Voltage Regulator
 We define the three coefficients :
I L  0
Vo
Input regulation factor Sv 
Vin T  0
Vin  0
Vo
Output resistance Ro 
I L T  0
Vin  0
Vo
Temperature coefficient ST 
T I L  0

 The smaller the value of the three

coefficients, the better the regulation of the
power supply.
Voltage Regulator
 Voltage Regulation
 The change in dc output voltage caused by the
change in load current is a measure of the
voltage regulation of the power supply.
Vno load  V full load
%regulation  100%
V full load

 In an ideal power supply, the output voltage is

independent of load current. The percentage
regulation for an ideal power supply is zero.
Voltage Regulator
 Classification of Voltage Regulators
Voltage regulators can be divided into three
major types:
 Zener diode voltage regulator
 Linear regulator
 Series regulator
 Shunt regulator
 Switching regulator
 Step–Down voltage regulator
 Step–Up voltage regulator
 Step–Up/Down voltage regulator
 Voltage–Inverting regulator
Diode applications: Zener Diodes
Diode applications: Zener Diodes
 Diode applications: Zener Diodes

If V > VZ, the diode is off, and the open-circuit equivalence is substituted.
 Diode applications: Zener Diodes

If V < VZ, the diode on, and the appropriate equivalent model can be
substituted.
 Diode applications: Zener Diodes

Vi and RL Fixed
 Diode applications: Zener Diodes

Vi and RL Fixed
Diode applications: Zener Diodes
Diode applications: Zener Diodes
Diode applications: Zener Diodes
Diode applications: Zener Diodes
Diode applications: Zener Diodes
Diode applications: Zener Diodes
Diode applications: Zener Diodes
Diode applications: Zener Diodes
Diode applications: Zener Diodes
Voltage Regulator
 Zener Diode Voltage Regulator

Vout  VZ  I Z  I in  VRS  Vout 

Vout  VZ  I Z  I in  VRS  Vout 
Voltage Regulator
 Zener Diode Voltage Regulator (cont’d)
 A capacitor is often connected across the zener to
bypass the generated noise especially when
operating near the knee.
Iin  I Z max  I L min

Iin  I Z min  I L max

Vin  Vout
RS 
I in
Voltage Regulator
 Zener Diode Voltage Regulator (cont’d)
 Example
A Zener diode is rated at 50V over a range of
diode current from 5 to 40mA. The supply
voltage is 200V. Calculate the resistance RS to be
connected in series with the power supply and
Zener diode to allow voltage regulation from a
load IL = 0 to ILmax. Also, find the value of
maximum load current ILmax.
Voltage Regulator
 Zener Diode Voltage Regulator (cont’d)
 Solution
VZ  Vout  50V
I Z min  5mA
I Z max  40mA
I L min  0mA
I in  I L min  I Z max  0  40  40mA
Vin  Vout 200  50
RS   3
 3750  3.75k 
I in 40 10
I L max  I in  I Z min  40  5  35mA
Voltage Regulator
 Transistor Series Voltage Regulator

Vo  VBE  I C  I RL  VRL  Vo 
Vo  VZ  VBE
Vo  VBE  I C  I RL  VRL  Vo 
Voltage Regulator
 Transistor Series Voltage Regulator (cont’d)
 Example
We want to regulate the output of a power supply
having Vmax=10V and Vmin=8V. The maximum
load current ILmax=30mA with an output voltage
VL=5V. Using a Zener diode having a dissipation
power of 500mW with a minimum current
IZmin=5mA and rZ=10Ω:
1- Calculate the ripple factor of the output
voltage before regulation.
Voltage Regulator
 Transistor Series Voltage Regulator (cont’d)
 Example (cont’d)
2- Calculate the value of resistance RS that
should be used in the Zener diode regulator.
3- Calculate the ripple factor of the regulated
voltage and the output resistance seen at the
output of the regulator.
4- Repeat 2- and discuss 3- if we use an emitter-
follower regulator (Transistor Series Voltage
Regulator) by adding a pass transistor, with
β=75, to the first regulator.
 Voltage Regulator
 Transistor Series Voltage Regulator (cont’d)
VBE 2  V2  VZ

If Vo increases:

Vo  V2  VBE 2  I C 2 
I R4  I C1  I RL  Vo 

If Vo decreases:

Vo  V2  VBE 2  I C 2  I R4  I C1  I RL  Vo 
Voltage Regulator
 Transistor Series Voltage Regulator (cont’d)
 ( R1  R2 ) RL
 The series pass transistor Q1 is a power transistor
requiring a heat sink.
 Transistor Q2, must be a high gain transistor in
order to stabilise the output for even small
variations in load voltage or input voltage.
 The disadvantage of the series regulator is large
power dissipation of the series pass transistor.
Voltage Regulator
 Transistor Series Voltage Regulator (cont’d)

R2
V2  Vo
R1  R2
 VBE 2  VZ

R1  R2
Vo  VBE 2  VZ 
R2

Vo  V2  VBE 2  I C 2  I R4  I C1  I RL  Vo 
Vo  V2  VBE 2  I C 2  I R4  I C1  I RL  Vo 
Voltage Regulator
Voltage Regulator
 Transistor Series Voltage Regulator using
operational amplifier
V2  Av VZ  V 
R2
V  VZ  Vo
R1  R2
 R1 
Vo  VZ 1  
 R2 
Vo  V  V2  Vo 
Vo  V  V2  Vo 
Voltage Regulator
 Voltage Regulator
 Transistor Series Voltage Regulator using
operational amplifier (cont’d)
 Voltage Regulator
 Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator

I R1  I B1  I C1  I L Vo  VBE1  I C1  I B1  VR1  Vo 
Vo  VZ  VBE1 Vo  VBE1  I C1  I B1  VR1  Vo 
Voltage Regulator
Voltage Regulator
 Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator (cont’d)

Vo  VZ  VR2
Vo  VZ  VBE 2  VBE1
I R1  I C1  I C 2  I Z  I L

Vout  VR2  VBE1  VBE 2  I C1  I C 2  VR1  Vout 

Vout  VR2  VBE1  VBE 2  I C1  I C 2  VR1  Vout 
Voltage Regulator
 Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator (cont’d)

R2
V  VZ  Vo
R1  R2
 R1 
Vo  1  VZ
 R2 
I R4  I C1  I R1  I L

Vo  V  VBE1  I C1  I R4  VR4  Vout 

Vo  V  VBE1  I C1  I R4  VR4  Vout 
Voltage Regulator
 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators
Voltage Regulator
 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators
(cont’d)
 Fixed-Positive-Voltage Regulators
The 78XX series of IC regulators provides a
fixed positive output voltage. The last two digits
in the part number designate the output voltage.
Voltage Regulator
 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators
(cont’d)
 Fixed-Positive-Voltage Regulators (cont’d)
 The capacitors C1 and C2 are required for filtering any
high-frequency noise.
 No external components are required.
 They have built-in protection against thermal
overload and short-circuit overcurrent.
 They are suitable only for input voltage higher than
the output voltage by a minimum of 2.5V, typically.
 They require an adequate heat sink.
Voltage Regulator
 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators
(cont’d)
 Fixed-Negative-Voltage Regulators
The 79XX series of IC regulators provides a
fixed negative output voltage. The last two digits
in the part number designate the output voltage.
Voltage Regulator
 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators
(cont’d)
 Fixed-Negative-Voltage Regulators (cont’d)
 This series is the negative-voltage counterpart of the
78XX series and shares most of the same features
except the pin numbers.
 The 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to
provide positive and negative supply voltages in the
same circuit.
 These regulators can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable voltage and current
as well.
Voltage Regulator
 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators
(cont’d)
 Fixed-Negative-Voltage Regulators (cont’d)
 The performances and reliability of 78XX and 79XX
series to produce adjustable voltages higher than their
fixed value is not considered to be good.

 R2 
Vo  VREF 1    I ADJ R2
 R1 
Voltage Regulator
 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators
(cont’d)
 Adjustable-Voltage Regulators
The LMXXX series is operated as a “floating”
regulator. The adjustment terminal floats to
whatever voltage is across R2.

 R2 
Vo  VREF 1    I ADJ R2
 R1 
Voltage Regulator
 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators
(cont’d)
 Adjustable-Voltage Regulators (cont’d)
 The LM 317 and LM 723 are IC regulators whose
output voltage can be adjusted over a wide range.
 The LM 317 can be adjusted from 1.2 V to 37 V.
 The LM 723 is available in dual-in-line package and
in a metal can package.
 There are also adjustable negative voltage regulators
 The LM337 is the negative output counterpart of the
LM317. It can be adjusted from -1.2 V to -37 V.
Voltage Regulator
 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators
(cont’d)
 Use of External Pass Transistor with Linear
Voltage Regulators
0.7V
Rext 
I max
Voltage Regulator
 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators
(cont’d)
 Use of External Pass Transistor with Linear
Voltage Regulators (cont’d)
 If an application requires more than the maximum
current that the regulator can deliver, an external pass
transistor Qext, can be used.
 The value of the external current-sensing resistor,
Rext, determines the value of current at which Qext
begins to conduct because Rext sets its base-to-emitter
voltage.
 The external pass transistor is typically a power
Voltage Regulator
 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators
(cont’d)
 Use of Current Limiting Circuit
VBE ext  VRext  VRlim
0.7V
Rlim 
I ext max
Voltage Regulator
 Three-Terminal IC Voltage Regulators
(cont’d)
 Use of Current Limiting Circuit (cont’d)
 If the current through Qext exceeds a certain maximum
Iext max because of a shorted output or a faulty load, the
voltage across Rlim reaches 0.7V and turns Qlim on.
 Qlim conducts current through the regulator and away
from Qext, forcing a thermal overload to occur and
shut down the regulator.
 As already mentioned, the IC regulator is internally
protected from thermal overload as part of its design.
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators
 In a linear regulator, the transistor is always on
and constantly dissipates power because the
transistor looks like a variable resistor. Due to
continuous power loss, the efficiency of such a
regulator is reduced.
 In a switching regulator, the transistor operates
like a switch i.e. either it is saturated (closed) or
cut-off (open). Hence, there is no unnecessary
wastage of power which results in higher
efficiency.
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Step–Down Switching Regulator
The dc output voltage can be set to any level less
than the input by controlling the percent
conduction time of transistor Q1 to that of the
total switching cycle time.
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Step–Down Switching Regulator (cont’d)
 The µA78S40 achieves regulation by monitoring the
output voltage through the internal switching control
circuit which is driving the internal transistor Q1.
 Transistor Q1 interrupts the input voltage and provides
a variable duty cycle square wave to a simple LC
filter.
 The filter averages the square waves producing a dc
output voltage that can be set to any level less than the
input by controlling the percent conduction time of Q1
to that of the total switching cycle time.
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators
 Step–Down Switching Regulator (cont’d)

 ton 
Vout  Vin  
 ton  toff
 
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators
 Step–Down Switching Regulator (cont’d)

 Vin  Vsat  Vout 

IC  I L   t
 L 
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators
 Step–Down Switching Regulator (cont’d)

 Vout  VF 
I D  I L  I L pk    t
 L 
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators
 Step–Down Switching Regulator (cont’d)
ton Vout  VF

toff Vin  Vsat  Vout
I L pk 
I out 
2
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators
 Step–Down Switching Regulator (cont’d)

I L pk   ton  toff 
Vripple 
8Co
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Step–Up Switching Regulator
This configuration allows the dc output voltage
to be set to any value greater than that of the
input.
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Step–Up Switching Regulator (cont’d)
 The µA78S40 achieves regulation by monitoring the
output voltage through the internal switching control
circuit which is driving the internal transistor Q1.
 Energy is stored in the inductor during the time that
transistor Q1 is in the “on” state.
 When transistor Q1 is turned off, the diode D1 is
forward biased, supplying energy to capacitor Co and
load RL.
 The energy stored in the inductor is then transferred in
series with Vin to the output filter capacitor and load.
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Step–Up Switching Regulator (cont’d)

 ton 
Vout  Vin   1
 toff 
 
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Step–Up Switching Regulator (cont’d)

 Vin  Vsat 
IC  I L   t
 L 
 Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Step–Up Switching Regulator (cont’d)

 Vout  VF  Vin 
I D  I L  I L pk    t
 L 
 Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Step–Up Switching Regulator (cont’d)
ton Vout  VF  Vin

toff Vin  Vsat

I L pk   toff 
I out   
2  ton  toff 
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Step–Up Switching Regulator (cont’d)

 t
2
I 
L pk 
 I out off
Vripple 
2 I L pk Co
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Voltage-Inverting Switching Regulator
This configuration allows the magnitude of the
dc output voltage to be set to any negative value.
It may be less than, equal to, or greater than that
of the input.
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Voltage-Inverting Switching Regulator (cont’d)
 The µA78S40 achieves regulation by monitoring the
output voltage through the internal switching control
circuit which is driving the external transistor Q1.
 Energy is stored in the inductor during the time that
transistor Q1 is in the “on” state.
 When transistor Q1 is turned off, the diode D1 is
forward biased, transferring energy to the output filter
capacitor Co and load RL.
 Notice that in this configuration the output voltage is
derived only from the inductor.
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Voltage-Inverting Switching Regulator (cont’d)

 ton 
Vout  Vin  
 toff
 
 Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Voltage-Inverting Switching Regulator (cont’d)

 V V 
I C  I L   in sat t
 L 
 Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Voltage-Inverting Switching Regulator (cont’d)

 Vout  VF 
I D  I L  I L pk    t
 L 
 Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Voltage-Inverting Switching Regulator (cont’d)
ton Vout  VF

toff Vin  Vsat

I L pk   toff 
I out   
2  ton  toff 
 Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Voltage-Inverting Switching Regulator (cont’d)

 t
2
I 
L pk 
 I out off
Vripple 
2 I L pk Co
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Step Up/Down Switching Regulator
This configuration allows the magnitude of the
dc output voltage to be set to any value. It may
be less than, equal to, or greater than that of the
input.
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Step Up/Down Switching Regulator (cont’d)
 By combining step-up regulator circuit and step-down
regulator circuit, a unique step–up/down
configuration can be created.
 A simple inductor is employed for the voltage
transformation.
 Energy is stored in the inductor during the time that
transistors Q1 and Q2 are in the “on” state.
 When transistors Q1 and Q2 are turned off, the diodes
D1 and D2 are forward biased, transferring energy to
the output filter capacitor Co and load RL.
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
 Step Up/Down Switching Regulator (cont’d)
 During ton this circuit is identical to the basic step–up,
but during toff the output is derived only from the
inductor and is with respect to ground instead of Vin.
 If the output is severely overloaded or shorted, the
step–up/down configuration is protected, because Q1
is in series with Vout.
 The current limit protection is the same as is in the
step–down circuit, which is not the case in the step–
up circuit, in which L or D may be destroyed since
they form a direct path from Vin to Vout.
Voltage Regulator
 Switching Regulators (cont’d)
Advantages Disadvantages
Reduced size of filter Electromagnetic interference can result
components. in higher output ripple and noise.
Reduced size of Large oscillatory current or higher
cores in the inductive harmonics in the radio frequency
components. range.
The main supply can cause disturbance
Low cost.
in other devices in close proximity.
High efficiency.
Comparison Of Linear
Power Supply And SMPS

Parameter Linear Power Supply SMPS

Size Large Small

Weight Heavy Light

Efficiency Poor (25–50%) Good (65–80%)

Noise level at output Low High

Regulation Less than 0.1% 0.3%