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UNIT-7
DC Choppers
7.1 Introduction
• Chopper is a static device.
• A variable dc voltage is obtained from a constant dc voltage source.
• Also known as dc-to-dc converter.
• Widely used for motor control.
• Also used in regenerative braking.
• Thyristor converter offers greater efficiency, faster response, lower maintenance,
smaller size and smooth control.
Chopper
i0
+
V R V0
v0
V
Vdc
t
tON tOFF
i0
V/R
Idc
t
T
V2 t
VO tON ON .V
T T
VO d .V
Dept.ofECE/SJBIT Page 213
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Methods of Control
• The output dc voltage can be varied by the following methods.
– Pulse width modulation control or constant frequency operation.
– Variable frequency control.
–
Pulse Width Modulation
• tON is varied keeping chopping frequency ‘f’& chopping period ‘T’ constant.
• Output voltage is varied by varying the ON time tON
V0
V
tON tOFF
t
T
V0
t
tON tOFF
v0
V
tON tOFF
t
T
v0
tON tOFF
t
T
Chopper
i0
+
R
V V0
FWD L
E
v0
Output
voltage
V
tON tOFF
t
T
i0 Output
Imax current
Continuous
Imin current
t
i0 Output
current
Discontinuous
current
t
Expressions for Load Current Io for Continuous Current Operation When Chopper
is ON(0 T Ton)
i0
+
R
V V0
L
E
-
diO
V iO R L E
dt
Taking Laplace Transform
RI O S L S .I O S iO 0
V E
S S
At t 0, initial current iO 0 I min
V E I
IO S min
R R
LS S S
L L
R
This expression is valid for 0 t tON ,
i.e., during the period chopper is ON.
At the instant the chopper is turned off,
load current is iO tON I max
i0
0 RI O S L SI O S iO 0
E
S
Redefining time origin we have at t 0,
initial current iO 0 I max
I max E
IO S
S
R R
LS S
L L
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform
R
t E t
R
iO t I max e L
1 e L
R
R
At t tON dT , iO t I max
V E
dRT
dRT
I max 1 e L
min
I e L
R
From equation
R
t E t
R
iO t I max e L
1 e L
R
At t tOFF T tON , iO t I min
t tOFF 1 d T
1 d RT 1 d RT
E
I min I max e L
1 e L
R
Substituting for I min in equation
V E
dRT
dRT
I max 1 e L
min
I e L
R
we get,
dRT
V 1 e L E
I max
R
RT R
1 e
L
iO I min
I .t
for 0 t tON dT
dT
I I
iO I min max min t
dT
I max I min t dt
2
1
dT
I O RMS
dT 0
I min
dT
2 I max I min 2 2 I min I max I min t
dT 2
1
I O RMS 0 I min dT t dt
dT dT
1
2 I max I min 2
2
Where
I S Average source current
I S dI dc
V
Ri
dI dc
L
C O VO
V A
D
Chopper
Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load voltage higher than the input voltage V.
The values of L and C are chosen depending upon the requirement of output
voltage and current.
When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is connected across the supply.
The inductor current ‘I’ rises and the inductor stores energy during the ON time of
the chopper, tON.
When the chopper is off, the inductor current I is forced to flow through the diode
D and load for a period, tOFF.
The current tends to decrease resulting in reversing the polarity of induced EMF
in L.
Therefore voltage across load is given by
dI
VO V L i.e., VO V
dt
• A large capacitor ‘C’ connected across the load, will provide a continuous output
voltage .
• Diode D prevents any current flow from capacitor to the source.
• Step up choppers are used for regenerative braking of dc motors.
T tON tOFF
1
VO V
t
1 ON
T
1
VO V
1 d
t
Where d ON duty cyle
T
Performance Parameters
• The thyristor requires a certain minimum time to turn ON and turn OFF.
• Duty cycle d can be varied only between a min. & max. value, limiting the min. and
max. value of the output voltage.
• Ripple in the load current depends inversely on the chopping frequency, f.
• To reduce the load ripple current, frequency should be as high as possible.
Problem
1. A Chopper circuit is operating on TRC at a frequency of 2 kHz on a 460 V supply. If
the load voltage is 350 volts, calculate the conduction period of the thyristor in each
cycle.
Solution:
V 460 V, Vdc = 350 V, f = 2 kHz
1
Chopping period T
f
1
T 0.5 m sec
2 10 3
t
Output voltage Vdc ON V
T
Conduction period of thyristor
T Vdc
tON
V
0.5 103 350
tON
460
tON 0.38 msec
Problem
2. Input to the step up chopper is 200 V. The output required is 600 V. If the conducting
time of thyristor is 200 sec. Compute
– Chopping frequency,
– If the pulse width is halved for constant frequency of operation, find the new
output voltage.
Solution:
Chopping frequency
1
f
T
1
f 3.33KHz
300 106
Pulse width is halved
200 106
tON 100 s
2
Frequency is constant
f 3.33KHz
1
T 300 s
f
T
Output voltage = V
T tON
300 106
200 300 Volts
6
300 100 10
Problem
3. A dc chopper has a resistive load of 20 and input voltage VS = 220V. When chopper
is ON, its voltage drop is 1.5 volts and chopping frequency is 10 kHz. If the duty cycle is
80%, determine the average output voltage and the chopper on time.
Solution:
Chopper ON time,
tON dT
tON 0.80 0.1103
tON 0.08 103 80 μsecs
Problem
4. In a dc chopper, the average load current is 30 Amps, chopping frequency is 250 Hz,
supply voltage is 110 volts. Calculate the ON and OFF periods of the chopper if the load
resistance is 2 ohms.
Solution:
I dc 30 Amps, f 250 Hz , V 110 V , R 2
1 1
Chopping period, T 4 10 3 4 msecs
f 250
Vdc
I dc & Vdc dV
R
dV
I dc
R
I R 30 2
d dc 0.545
V 110
Chopper ON period,
tON dT 0.545 4 10 3 2.18 msecs
Chopper OFF period,
tOFF T tON
tOFF 4 10 3 2.18 10 3
tOFF 1.82 10 3 1.82 msec
Problem
5. A dc chopper in figure has a resistive load of R = 10 and input voltage of V = 200
V. When chopper is ON, its voltage drop is 2 V and the chopping frequency is 1 kHz. If
the duty cycle is 60%, determine
– Average output voltage
– RMS value of output voltage
V R v0
Solution:
d V Vch
2
PO
R
0.6 200 2
2
PO 2352.24 watts
10
Input power,
dT
1
Pi
T Vi dt
0
O
1
dT
V V Vch
PO
T
0
R
dt
1. Class A Chopper
i0 v0
+
Chopper
L
O v0 V
V A
FWD D
i0
t
i0
Output current
CH ON
t
v0 FWD Conducts
Output voltage
t
tON
T
2. Class B Chopper
D
i0 v0
+
R
V L v0
Chopper
E i0
ig
Thyristor
gate pulse
t
i0 tOFF tON
T
t
Output current
Imax
Imin
D
conducts Chopper
conducts
v0 Output voltage
V E R
tOFF
R
tOFF
I max 1 e
min
L
I e L
R
During the interval chopper is ON voltage
equation is given by
LdiO
0 RiO E
dt
3. Class C Chopper
CH1 D1
i0 v0
+
V R
CH2 D2 L v0
Chopper
i0
E
ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2 Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
4. Class D Chopper
v0
CH1 D2
R i0 L E
V
+ v0 i0
D1 CH2
ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2 Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
t
CH1,CH2 D1,D2 Conducting
ON
v0
Output voltage
V
Average v0
t
ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2 Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
CH1
CH2
t
D1, D2
v0
Output voltage
V
t
Average v0
5. Class E Chopper
CH1 D1 CH3 D3
i0 R L E
V
+
v0
CH2 D2 CH4 D4
v0
CH2 - D4 Conducts CH1 - CH4 ON
D1 - D4 Conducts CH4 - D2 Conducts
i0
• The source inductance should be as small as possible to limit the transient voltage.
• Also source inductance may cause commutation problem for the chopper.
• Usually an input filter is used to overcome the problem of source inductance.
• The load ripple current is inversely proportional to load inductance and chopping
frequency.
• Peak load current depends on load inductance.
• To limit the load ripple current, a smoothing inductor is connected in series with the
load.
7. 5 Impulse Commutated Chopper
• Impulse commutated choppers are widely used in high power circuits where load
fluctuation is not large.
• This chopper is also known as
– Parallel capacitor turn-off chopper
– Voltage commutated chopper
– Classical chopper.
LS T1 iT1
+ a + IL +
b _C T2
iC FWD
L
O
VS A vO
D
L D1
_ _
• To start the circuit, capacitor ‘C’ is initially charged with polarity (with plate ‘a’
positive) by triggering the thyristor T2.
• Capacitor ‘C’ gets charged through VS, C, T2 and load.
• As the charging current decays to zero thyristor T2 will be turned-off.
• With capacitor charged with plate ‘a’ positive the circuit is ready for operation.
• Assume that the load current remains constant during the commutation process.
• For convenience the chopper operation is divided into five modes.
• Mode-1
• Mode-2
• Mode-3
• Mode-4
• Mode-5
Mode-1 Operation
LS T1
+ + IL
VC _C iC
L
VS O
A
D
L D1
_
• Thyristor T1 is fired at t = 0.
• The supply voltage comes across the load.
• Load current IL flows through T1 and load.
• At the same time capacitor discharges through T1, D1, L1, & ‘C’ and the capacitor
reverses its voltage.
• This reverse voltage on capacitor is held constant by diode D1.
Mode-2 Operation
IL
+ LS _ IL
VC C L
VS + T2 O
A
D
_
• The total time required for the capacitor to discharge and recharge is called the
commutation time and it is given by
• At the end of Mode-2 capacitor has recharged to VS and the freewheeling diode starts
conducting.
Mode-3 Operation
IL
+ LS + IL
VS _C T2 L
VS O
A
FWD D
_
Mode-4 Operation
LS
+ + IL
VC _C L
D1 O
VS
A
L D
_ FWD
• Capacitor has been overcharged i.e. its voltage is above supply voltage.
• Capacitor starts discharging in reverse direction.
• Hence capacitor current becomes negative.
• The capacitor discharges through LS, VS, FWD, D1 and L.
• When this current reduces to zero D1 will stop conducting and the capacitor voltage
will be same as the supply voltage.
Mode-5 Operation
IL
L
FWD O
A
D
• Both thyristors are off and the load current flows through the FWD.
• This mode will end once thyristor T1 is fired.
ic Capacitor Current
IL
0 t
Ip
iT1
Ip
IL Current through T1
t
0
vT1
Vc Voltage across T1
t
0
vo
Vs+Vc
Vs Output Voltage
t
vc
Vc
t
Capacitor Voltage
-Vc
tc
td
Disadvantages
• A starting circuit is required and the starting circuit should be such that it triggers
thyristor T2 first.
• Load voltage jumps to almost twice the supply voltage when the commutation is
initiated.
• The discharging and charging time of commutation capacitor are dependent on the
load current and this limits high frequency operation, especially at low load current.
• Chopper cannot be tested without connecting load.
Thyristor T1 has to carry load current as well as resonant current resulting in increasing its
peak current rating.
Recommended questions:
1. Explain the principle of operation of a chopper. Briefly explain time-ratio control and
PWM as applied to chopper
2. Explain the working of step down shopper. Determine its performance factors, VA, Vo
rms, efficiency and Ri the effective input resistane
3. Explain the working of step done chopper for RLE load. Obtain the expressions for
minimum load current I1max load current I2, peak – peak load ripple current di avg value
of load current Ia, the rms load current Io and Ri.
4. Give the classification of stem down converters. Explain with the help of circuit diagram
one-quadrant and four quadrant converters.
5. The step down chopper has a resistive load of R=10ohm and the input voltage is
Vs=220V. When the converter switch remain ON its voltage drop is Vch=2V and the
chopping frequency is 1 KHz. If the duty cycle is 50% determine a) the avg output
voltage VA, b) the rms output voltage Vo c) the converter efficiency d) the effective
inputresistance Ri of the converter.
6. Explain the working of step-up chopper. Determine its performance factors.