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r
- V V Ir
I
direct and alternating current
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If the charge moves in a circuit in the same direction at all times, the
current is said to be direct current (DC). Constant current (independent
of time) is a special case of direct current.
I2 Vn
Ii 0
V1
Vi 0
i
i
electrical measurements
Current is measured with an ammeter, which must be inserted into the
circuit in series with the element in which the current is measured.
V - V
? A
+
electric current & the human body
I
dI
Va Vb Va Vb L
dt
alternating current
I (t)
For a sinusoidal alternating
current, both the voltage V(t) I V
across an element and the
current I(t) through this element t
are sinusoidal functions of time.
I m Vm cos V I cos2t I V
1
2
1
f rms f t
2
av
2
AC in the US
standard one phase power line
breaker
120 V
“zero”
0V
“hot”
“ground” 0V
0V
The rms voltage between any "hot" wire and the zero wire is 127 V.
The voltage between any two "hot" wires is 220 V.
complex voltage
The complex function V(t) such that the voltage across the element is
V(t) = Im V(t)
is called the complex voltage.
V Im V
Vm V (t)
t+V
t Re V
t
-Vm
Sinusoidal voltage:
V t Vm e i V e it V0 e it
Im V t ImVm cost V i sin t V Vm sin t V Vt
complex current
The complex function I(t) such that the current through the element is
I(t) = Im I(t)
is called the complex current.
I Im I
Im
I (t)
t+I
t Re I
t
-Im
Sinusoidal current:
I t Imei V eit I 0 eit
Im I t ImIm cost V i sin t V Im sin t V It
relation between voltage and current
Vm
Vm = Im·Z Im V
I
t V t I t
The coefficient Z relating the peak values of the voltage across the
system with the peak value of the current through the system is called
the impedance of the system.
The number relating the phase of the voltage across the system
with the phase of the current through the system is called the phase
angle between the current and the voltage
Re
V
V Vmei V eit m ei Imei I eit Z I
Im
R
impedance and phase angle
b
ZR R , 0
average power:
Pav Irms Vrms cos 0 V
2 I
Vrms t
I 2rms R
R
AC in a resistor
complex analysis
I
V t R RI I Im
Im V t V t R I t
a
complex impedance
R ZR() = R
b
Im Z
ZR Z R , tan 0
Re Z
Im
V
I V
I
Re t
ZR
AC in an inductor
I
real analysis
d d
a Vt L I t L
Im sin t I =
dt dt
L Im cost I L Im sin t I
L 2
b impedance and phase angle
ZL L ,
2
average power:
I V
Pav I rms Vrms cos 0
2
t
complex analysis
I
dI d it dI
t VLt V L I0eIm Li L I t
VIm dI
a dt dt dt
L
complex impedance
ZL() = iL
b
Im Z
ZL Z L , tan
Re Z
Im
V
I V
ZL
I
Re t
AC in an capacitor
I real analysis
t t CVm sin t V C Vm cost V
V d
ItQ
a dt
Q CVm sin t V
C 2
-Q
b impedance and phase angle
1
ZC ,
C 2
average power: V
I
Pav Irms Vrms cos 0
2 t