INTRODUCTION TO

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

PREPARED BY
MOHD FUAD BIN IBRAHIM
MAIZUL AFZAIRIZAL BIN MOHD ADNAN
 CONTENT

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC
ELECTRIC FUNAMENTAL QUANTITY
RESISTANCE
TYPE OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
OHM’S LAW
ELECTRICAL POWER
WATTMETER
ELECTRIC ENERGY
 Objectives

At the end of the unit you will be able to:

Define electric fundamental quantity.

Determine various type electric circuit.
Mention the relationship between current, voltage and
resistance
Define electric power
Explain electric energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff's_circuit_laws
 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC

Electric is one energy which cannot

seen but can be felt and be used by
human on today and future. Electric
energy can be created impact from
action:
a) Friction
b) Heat
c) Electromagnetic field
 Action from electric energy can be change to another some energy
like:

a) Light energy – Lamp

b) Heat energy – Iron
c) Sound energy – Radio
d) Kinetic Energy – Motor

 2 type of electric
i) Static energy- no electron movement in certain
direction.
ii) Dynamic energy - electron movement in certain
direction.
 ELECTRIC FUNAMENTAL QUANTITY

Item Symbol Unit

Electromotif Force E Volt
(V)
Electrical Charge Q Coulomb
(C)

Current I Ampiar
(A)
Voltage V Volt
(V)
Resistance R Ohm
(Ω) omega
Resistivity ρ Rho
(Ωm)
 ELECTRIC FUNAMENTAL QUANTITY

Electromotive Force (Emf)

The force or electric pressure that causes
electricity to flow of electric charge.

Battery
 ELECTRIC FUNAMENTAL QUANTITY

Megnetomotive Force (Emf)

The force or pressure to produce a
magnetic effect
 ELECTRIC FUNAMENTAL QUANTITY

Electrical Charges
The Positive and negative charges

+ve -ve
 ELECTRIC FUNAMENTAL QUANTITY

Voltage
The Potential difference between 2
points.

+ve -ve

V
 ELECTRIC FUNAMENTAL QUANTITY

Current
The movement of the electrical charge
cause by the electron from positive to
negative terminals.

+ve -ve

R
 ELECTRIC FUNAMENTAL QUANTITY

Resistance
The opposition to current

R
I

R
I
 ELECTRIC FUNAMENTAL QUANTITY

Resistivity, ρ
The characteristic of conductive material to
opposition or decrease the current flow

R=ρℓ/A
ELECTRIC FUNAMENTAL QUANTITY

R=ρℓ/A A = ∏(j)2
A = ∏(d/2)2

Where;
A= cross section area (m)
ρ= Resistivity (Ωm)
ℓ = Length (m)
R= Resistance
ELECTRIC FUNAMENTAL QUANTITY

Item Spesification Material

conductor Material that current is Copper

easily flow iron
Semi Material that has Silicon
conductor conductance value germinium
between conductor and
insulator
Insulator Material that does not Rubber,
allowed current flow in glass, air
normal condition
 Example
R?
1. Calculate the resistance of a
1.5m length of alumuinium wire. Given diameter
wire 10mm and resistivity of alumuinium is
0.025µΩm

ρ d
R=ρℓ/A A= ∏(d/2)²
• A = 3.142(0.01/2)²
• = 7.854 x 10 -5
R=0.025 x 1.5 /7.854 x 10-5
R = 477.46 Ω
 Type of Electrical Circuit

 Electric circuit is a combination or cable to bring

current from voltage sources to electrical
components (load)
 It consists of two type;

i) Complete electric circuit

ii) Non Complete electric circuit
 Complete electric circuit
 It is also called
basic/simple circuit V
 it is closed end connection
I
that can make current
through completely. R

 The circuit must have

voltage supply (V),
Electric current (I) and
resistance (R).
 Non Complete electric circuit

 It is a circuit without one of three components

either voltage sources, load resistance, The current
flow will never happen with perfect in non
complete circuit.
 Non Complete electric circuit

2 type of non complete electric circuit;

i) Open circuit
ii) Short circuit
 Non Complete electric circuit

Open circuit
The load in that circuit
will open
No current flow occur
Resistance value is V Load (R)
higher (∞) Pull out
 Non Complete electric circuit

Short circuit
Connection at the load
V
will short with a
conductor which no
resistance.
The current which go R
through is high.
Fuse will burnt

Short with
cable
 OHM’S LAW

Definition
The law that for any circuit
the electric current is
directly proportional to the
voltage and is inversely
proportional to the
resistance.

bagi mana-mana litar arus

elektrik adalah berkadar te
rus dengan voltan dan ber
kadar songsang dengan rin
tangan
 OHM’S LAW
the electric current (I) is :
directly proportional to the voltage

R
I V

1
inversely
proportional to the I
R
A
R
resistance.
 OHM’S LAW

V  IR
Voltage (V) = Current (A) x Resistance ( Ω)

V = IR
I= V
R
R=V
I
 OHM’S LAW

Linear Resistance
Constant Resistance and temperature
V

R constant

I
Graph V vs I with R constant
 OHM’S LAW

Linear Resistance
With Constant Value of Resistance:
Increasing Voltage will increasing the
current

VR  IR CONSTANT
 OHM’S LAW

Non Linear Resistance

Changing value of R

R changing
Constant level

increasing

I
Graph V vs I with changing value of R
 OHM’S LAW

Non Linear Resistance

Changing Value of R
Increasing Voltage will increasing the current
to a constant level

VR  IR CHANGING
 OHM’S LAW

Question
An emf source of 6.0V is connected to a purely
resistive lamp and a current of 2.0 amperes flows.
All the wires are resistance-free. What is the
resistance of the lamp?
V=IR
R=V/I

R = 3.0
Find voltage
If you know current and resistance, you can find
voltage from V = I R. For example, if the current I =
0.2 A and the resistance R = 1000 ohms, then

V = 0.2 A * 1000 Ω = 200 V

Find current
If you know voltage and resistance, you can use
algebra to change the equation to I = V / R to find the
current. For example, if V = 110 V and R = 22000
ohms, then

I = 110 V / 22000 Ω = 0.005 A

Find resistance
If you know voltage and current, you can use algebra
to change the equation to R = V / I to find the
resistance. If V = 220 V and I = 5 A, then

R = 220 V / 5 A = 44 Ω
 ELECTRIC POWER

Job that can be done in one time unit

Power (P)
P  IV
= Current (A) x Voltage (V)

Symbol: P
Unit : Watt (W)
 ELECTRIC POWER

2
PI R
Power (P) = Current 2 (A) x Resistance (R)

2
V
P
R
Power (P) = Voltage 2 (v) / Resistance (R)
 ELECTRIC ENERGY

Electrical energy is the product of power and time.

T = Pt
Energy (T) = Power (P) x Time (hour)
SYmbols : T or E
Unit : Kilowatt hour (kWh) or
Joule (watt second)
 ELECTRIC ENERGY

T = VIt
Energy (T) = Voltage (V) x Current (I) x Time (hour)

T = I Rt 2
Energy (T) = Current2 (I) x Resistance (R) x Time (hour)

T = (V /R)t 2
Energy (T) = [Voltage2 (V) / Resistance (R) ] Time (hour)
 WATT METER

used to measure the power (the total power

used by consumers)

W
 WATT METER

There are two coils in it:

The CURRENT COIL is

connected in series
with the circuit.

Load
VOLTAGE COIL
connected in
parallel

VS
Relationship Between Thermal Energy With Energy

When there is current flow, electrons in the

conductor will collide with one another and
this will produce heat and thus causing the
cable to be used to heat up.
 WORK

is the energy absorbed by supplying a load

of 1 KW for a period of 1 hour.

Work (w) = Power (P) x Time (h)

Watt
is the power used when there is a current of 1 A
flowing between two points with a 1 volt potential
 WORK, POWER and ENERGY

Unit for work or energy is Joule.

1 Joule = 1 watt second

Work (J) = Power (P) x Time (s)

Notes: Convert hour to seconds

1H = 1 x 60 minutes x 60 sec
= 3600 s
 I = 5A
WORK, POWER and ENERGY

A toaster used 5A current and 240 V

supply for 15 minutes. Calculate,
v = 240v
t = 15 min
i. Power (P) used
ii. Energy (T) which absorbed the heat in
kJ
T = VIt
= 240(5)0.25
= 300kWh
T = Pt
300 = P(0.25)
P = 1200W
 NEXT TOPIC:

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
ANALYSIS
 CONTENT

SERIES CIRCUIT
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
COMBINATIONS OF SERIES AND PARALLEL
CIRCUITS
KIRCHOFF’S LAW
 Objectives

At the end of the unit you will be able to:

1. Describe the formula the series circuit.

2. Describe the formula in a parallel circuit.
3. Understand the voltage divider law and current
divider law.
4. Describe the Kirchoff law
5. Solve related problems.
 INTRODUCTION

Electrical circuit
Is a complete connection to the load by using a
conductors
 INTRODUCTION

Types of electric circuits

1. Series Circuit
2. Parallel Circuit
3. Combination of Series and Parallel
Circuits
 SERIES CIRCUIT

Series circuit is refer to the connection of the

resistor in the circuit.
The resistors are connected from end to end.

R1 R2 R3

V1 V2 V3

VT
 SERIES CIRCUIT

Total Resistance RT
Is the sum of all the resistor that exist in the
circuit

RT = R1+R2+R3
 SERIES CIRCUIT

Total Current IT
The current through each resistor is equal to the
total current . I 1

IT
I2

IT=I1=I2=I3

I3
 SERIES CIRCUIT

Total voltage
is the sum of all the voltage drop (voltage down)
on each of the resistance

VT=V1+V2+V3 V1

V2

V3
 SERIES CIRCUIT

Voltage drop
is the reduction of the voltage supply in every
resistance
V2 = I2 R2
V1 = I1 R1
V1

V2

V3
V3 = I3R3
 SERIES CIRCUIT

voltage divider law

is used to determine voltage value which across
every resistance in series circuit

R1
V1  ( )VT
R1 V1 R1  R2
VT
R2 V2
R2
V2  ( )VT
R1  R2
 SERIES CIRCUIT

voltage divider law R1

V1  ( )VT
R1 V1
R1  R2  R3

R2
R2 V2 V2  ( )VT
R1  R2  R3
VT

R3 V3 R3
V3  ( )VT
R1  R2  R3
 SERIES CIRCUIT

Example
Based on the circuit below. Calculate:
a. Total resistance, RT
b. Total Current, IT
c. Voltage drop across each resistor by using:
R1 = 15Ω
i. Ohm’s Law
ii. Voltage Divider Law

R2 = 10Ω
VT = 120 v
 SERIES CIRCUIT

Solution
a. Total resistance
RT = R1 + R2 R1 = 15Ω
RT = 15 + 10
RT = 25 Ω

b. Total Current R2 = 10Ω

VT = 120 v
IT = VT / RT
IT = 120/25
IT = 4.8 A

Notes: Series Circuit : IT = I1 = I2

 SERIES CIRCUIT

Solution
c. Voltage drop across each resistor by using
Ohm’s Law
V1 = I1 R1
R1 = 15Ω = 4.8 x 15
= 72 v
V1

VT = 120 v
R2 = 10Ω V2 V2 = I2 R2
= 4.8 x 10
= 48 v
Notes: Series Circuit : V1 + V2 = VT
 SERIES CIRCUIT

Solution
c. Voltage drop across each resistor by using
Voltage Divider Law
R1 = 15Ω R1
V1  ( )VT
R1  R2
V1 15
V1  ( )120v
= 72
15  10
R2 = 10Ω V2
VT = 120 v
R2
V2  ( )VT
R1  R2
10
V2  ( )120
Notes: 15 =1048 v
The answer for V1 and V2 is same for both Laws
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

connection of resistors connected is against or

conflict with each other

R1 R2
VT
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Total resistance

VT R1 R2 R3

1 1 1 1
  
R j R1 R 2 R3
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Total voltage
voltage across each parallel resistor is the same

VT V2
V1 V2 V3 V3

VT  V1  V2  V3
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Total current
the sum of current flow in each branch is equal
to the current source.
I1 I2 I3
IT
VT

I T  I1  I 2  I 3
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Current divider law

is used to determine the value of the current in each
branch

R1
Ij I2 I2  ( )I j
VT
I1
R1  R2
V1 R1 V2 R2

R2
I1  ( ) IT
R1  R2
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Example
Based on the circuit below. Calculate:
1. Total resistance, RT
2. Voltage drop across each resistor
3. Current I1 and I2 by using:
 Ohm’s Law IT
 Current Divider Law
I1 I2

Vj = 240v R1 = 2Ω R2 = 4Ω
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Solution
1. Total resistance
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2
1/RT = 1/2 + ¼
1/RT = ¾
IT
RT = 4/3
I1 I2
RT = 1.33 Ω
VT = 240v R1 = 2Ω R2 = 4Ω
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Solution
2. Voltage drop across each resistor

IT

V1 V2
VT= 240v R1 = 2Ω R2 = 4Ω

Parallel circuit:
V1 = V2 = VT = 240 v
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Solution
3. Current by using Ohm’s Law

IT = I1 + I2 I1 = V1 /R1
= 120 + 60 = 240/2
= 180 A = 120 A
IT
I2
I1
I2 = V2 /R2
Vj = 240v R1 = 2Ω R2 = 4Ω = 240/4
= 60 A
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Solution
3. Current by using Current Divider Law

R2
I1  ( ) IT
R1  R2
4 IT
I1  ( )180 I1
24
VT= 240v R1 = 2Ω R2 = 4Ω
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Solution
3. Current by using Current Divider Law

R1
I2  ( ) IT
IT R21  R2
I2 I2  (
24
)180

VT= 240v
R1 = 2Ω R2 = 4Ω

Notes:
The answer for I1 and I2 is same for both Laws Exercise :
 COMBINATION CIRCUIT

Most of the electric circuit is the combination

of series and parallel circuits.

R3
I3
I2

R1 I1 R2
IT

+ -

VT
 COMBINATION CIRCUITC

In order to solve problems in calculating the

value of total resistance, total voltage and total
current for combinations circuit have to used
both formulas in series and parallel circuit
respectively.
 COMBINATION CIRCUITC

Based on the circuit below. Calculate:

1. Total resistance, RT
2. Current IT, I1 and I2
3. Voltage drop across
each resistor R3 15Ω
I3
I2

R1 =10Ω I1 R2 =20Ω
IT

+ -
VT =120v
 KIRCHOFF’S LAW

is used to solve complex electrical circuit which have

2 or more supply
There are 2 types of Kirchoff’s law;
a) Kirchoff’s current law
b) Kirchoff’s voltage law
 KIRCHOFF’S LAW

Kirchoff’s current law

(first order of Kirchoff’s law)
the sum of the current into a node is equal to the sum of
current out of the node or algebraic sum of all the current
entering and leaving a node is equal.

NODE

I1
I2
I3 I1  I 2  I 3
 KIRCHOFF’S LAW

Kirchoff’s voltage law

(second order of kirchoff’s law)
the sum of the voltage drop around a closed path and the
voltage source around the closed path is equal to zero or the
sum of voltage drop must equal to voltage source

V1

Vs
V2 Vs  V1  V2  V3
V3
 KIRCHOFF’S LAW

Example
By using Kirchoff’s Law, calculate the current at
each branch
Kirchoff’s Current Law
I3
I1
I2
R1 = 1Ω R2 = 6Ω R3 = 2Ω
C1
C2
10v
5v

Kirchoff’s Voltage Law Kirchoff’s Voltage Law

 Excercises

HOMEWORK 1
Next Chapter
INDUCTORS,
CAPASITORS AND
ALTERNATING CURRENT