Professional Documents
Culture Documents
One
One ampere
ampere AA isis charge
charge flowing
flowing at
at
the
the rate
rate of
of one
one coulomb
coulomb per
per second.
second.
Example 1. The electric current in a
wire is 6 A. How many electrons flow
past a given point in a time of 3 s?
q
I ; q It
t I=6A
q = (6 A)(3 s) = 18 C
Recall that: 1 e- = 1.6 x 10-19 C, then convert:
1e- 20
18 C 18 -19
1,125 x 10
1.6 x 10 C electrons
C In 3 s:
1.12 x 1020 electrons
Conventional Current
Imagine a charged capacitor with Q = CV that
is allowed to discharge.
+ -
+ -
+ -
Electron flow: The direction
Electron of e- flowing from – to +.
e- flow + Conventional current:
The motion of +q from
Conventional flow
+ to – has same effect.
E
Flow
Water Pump Source of
EMF
+ - + -
- + - +
-
Electric Resistance
Suppose we apply a constant potential difference
of 4 V to the ends of geometrically similar rods
of, say: steel, copper, and glass.
Steel Copper Glass
Is Ic Ig
4V 4V 4V
The current in glass is much less than for
steel or iron, suggesting a property of
materials called electrical resistance R.
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the current I through a
given conductor is directly proportional to
the potential difference V between its end
points.
Ohm ' s law : I V
Ohm’s law allows us to define resistance R
and to write the following forms of the law:
V V
I ; V IR; R R
I
Example 2. When a 3-V battery is
connected to a light, a current of 6 mA
is observed. What is the resistance of
the light filament?
3.0 V
V
R I 0.006 A
RR == 500
500 + R
-
The SI unit for electrical I 6 mA
resistance is the ohm, V=3
V
1V
1 Source of
1A EMF
Laboratory Circuit Symbols
A
+
V Emf Rheostat
-
A 2A
2
1
Factors Affecting R (Cont.)
3. The temperature T of the material. The
higher temperatures usually result in
higher resistances.
R > Ro
Ro
4. The kind of material. Iron has more
electrical resistance than a geometrically
similar copper conductor.
R i > Rc
Copper Iron
Resistivity of a Material
The resistivity is a property of a material
that determines its electrical resistance
R.
Recalling that R is directly proportional
to length L and inversely proportional
to area A, we may write:
L RA
R A or L
D2 (0.001
A A = 7.85 x 10-7 m2
m)42
4
R L
RA (0.004 )(7.85 x 10-
A L 7 m2 ) 1.72 x 10 -
8
□m
Required length is: L = 0.183 m
Temperature Coefficient
For most materials, the resistance R changes
in proportion to the initial resistance Ro and
to the change in temperature t.
Change in R
resistance:
R0 t
The temperature coefficient of resistance, is
the change in resistance per unit resistance
per unit degree change of temperature.
1
R Units: C0
R t ;
0
Example 4. The resistance of a copper wire is
4.00 m at 200C. What will be its resistance if
heated to 800C? Assume that = 0.004 /Co.
Ohm’s law: V = IR
V2
P VI; P I2 R; P
R
Example 5. A power tool is rated at 9 A
when used with a circuit that provides 120-V.
What power is used in operating this tool?
P = VI = (120 V)(9 PP =
= 1080
1080 W
A) W
PI2 R
P 500 W
(10 A)2 RR = 5.00
= 5.00
R; I 2
Summary of Formulas
Electric Q 1C
Electric I 1A
current:
current: t 1s
Ohm’s
Ohm’s Law
Law
V V
I ; V IR; R
R I
1 volt
Resistance: 1 ohm 1
ampere
Summary (Cont.)
Resistivity
Resistivity of
of L RA
materials: R A or L
materials:
Temperature
Temperature coefficient
coefficient of
of resistance:
resistance:
1
R R0 R
R t ; Units: C0
t 0
V2
Electric
Electric P VI; P I2 R; P
Power P:
Power R
P:
Thanks………………………………………