PHY 150

Chapter 4

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 LESSON LEARNING OUTCOME
After completing this chapter, you should
be able to
⮚State the definition of Ohm’s law,
resistance and resistivity
⮚Solve numerical problems involving the
combination of resistors
⮚Solve numerical problems involving the
resistivity
⮚Solve numerical problems involving
electrical power

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 SCOPE OF STUDY
CURRENT & BATTERY ELECTRIC POWER

SUB - TOPICS

OHM’S LAW, RESISTANCE ELECTRICAL METERS,

AND RESISTOR, AMMETER, VOLTMETER &

RESISTIVITY MULTIMETER 3
 BATTERY

Dry Cell 2 Dry Cell 4

 BATTERY
terminal positive
terminal negative

store
chemical start up the
energy current

BATTERY

chemical energy
electrical energy

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 CURRENT, I
Rate of flow of
charge through I=Q
conductor t

CURRENT

Flow from +ve 1A=1C

to –ve terminal s
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CURRENT, I

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 CURRENT, I

A simple electric circuit and schematic diagram

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 CURRENT, I
Example :

A steady current of 2.5 A exists in a wire for 4.0 min. (a) How much
total charge passed by a given point in the circuit during those 4.0
min? (b) How many electrons would this be?

Solution:
a) Q = I x t ; convert minutes to seconds. Q = 600 C.
b) Divide by electron charge: n = 3.8 x 1021 electrons.

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 Exercises 4.1

1. A steady current of 3.5 A exits in a wire for 2.0 min.

a. How much total charge passed by a given point
in the circuit during those 2.0 min? (Ans: 420 C)
b. How many electrons would this be? (Ans: 2.6 x
1021 electrons)

2. A current of 7.5 A is maintained in a wire for 1

hour. Calculate the charge that flows in the wire.
(Ans: 27000 C).

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 CURRENT, I
Conceptual Example : How to connect a battery.

What is wrong with each of the schemes shown for lighting a flashlight
bulb with a flashlight battery and a single wire?

Not a complete circuit

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 CURRENT, I

Circuit does not include both This will work. Just make sure
terminals of battery (so no the wire at the top touches
potential difference, and no only the bulb and not the
current) battery!

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 OHM’S LAW
DEFINITION

The current, I in a wire is proportional to the potential

difference, V between its ends

FORMULA

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V=IR

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 OHM’S LAW

Graphs of current vs.

voltage for
(a)a metal conductor
which obeys Ohm’s (a)

law
(b) for a nonohmic
device, in this case a
semiconductor diode.
(b)
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 OHM’S LAW
Example:

A small flashlight bulb draws 300 mA from its 1.5-V battery.

(a) What is the resistance of the bulb? (b) If the battery
becomes weak and the voltage drops to 1.2 V, how would the
current change?
Solution :

a) R = V/I = 5.0 Ω.
b) Assuming the resistance stays the same, the current will drop
to 240 mA.
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 RESISTOR & RESISTANCE

Ohm (Ω)
restricts
the flow of
current
R&R
R=V
series & I
parallel

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RESISTOR & RESISTANCE

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Example

A hair dryer draws 15 Amps when plugged into a 210 V

line. What is the resistance of the hair dryer? (Ans: R =
14 Ω)

Solution:

R = (Voltage)/(Current)
= 210 V/15 A
= 14 Ω.

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 Exercises 4.2

1. The resistance of a hot plate is 48.0 Ω. How much

current does the plate carry when connected to a 2.40
x 102 V source? (Ans: 5.0 A).

2. The plate on a certain steam iron states that the

iron carries a current of 5.40 A when connected to
a source of 2.20 x 102 V. What is the resistance
of the steam iron? (Ans: 40.7 Ω)

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RESISTOR & RESISTANCE
SERIES

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 RESISTOR & RESISTANCE

Veq = V1 + V2 + V3 Ieq = I1 = I2 = I3

SERIES

Req = R1 + R2 + R3 V1 = IR1
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RESISTOR & RESISTANCE
PARALLEL

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 RESISTOR & RESISTANCE
Veq = V1 = V2 = V3 Ieq = I1 + I2 + I3

PARALLEL

1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 V = I1R1

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 RESISTOR & RESISTANCE
Conceptual Example:

(a) The lightbulbs in the figure are identical. Which configuration produces
more light? (b) Which way do you think the headlights of a car are wired?
Ignore change of filament resistance R with current.

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 RESISTOR & RESISTANCE

Solution:

a)In the parallel configuration, the equivalent resistance is less, so

the current is higher and the lights will be brighter.

b) They are wired in parallel, so that if one light burns out the
other one still stays on.

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 RESISTOR & RESISTANCE
Example :

How much current is drawn from the battery shown?

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 RESISTOR & RESISTANCE
Solution:

First we find the equivalent resistance of the two resistors in

parallel, then the series combination of that with the third
resistance. For the two parallel resistors, R = 290 Ω (remember that
the usual equation gives the INVERSE of the resistance – students
are often confused by this). The series combination is then 690 Ω,
so the current in the battery is V/R = 17 mA.

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 RESISTIVITY, ρ
DEFINITION

The resistance of a wire is directly

proportional to its length, l and inversely
proportional to its cross-sectional area, A

FORMULA
R = resistance of the wire
 = resistivity of the metal in wire
ℓ = length of the wire (m)
A = cross sectional area of the wire (m2)
SI unit for resistivity is an ohm-meter: Ω m
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RESISTIVITY, ρ

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 RESISTIVITY, ρ
The resistivity increases with temperature:

ρO = resistivity at some reference temperature, To (Ωm)

ρT = resistivity at temperature, T (Ωm)
α = temperature coefficient of resistivity ( oC-1)

Conductivity, σ = 1 / ρ

is a measure of how well a substance conducts the electricity.

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Example

The resistivity of a silver wire with a radius of 5.04 x 10-4

m is 1.59 x 10-8 Ω.m. If the length of the wire is 3.0 m,
what is the resistance of the wire? (Ans: 0.0598 Ω)

Solution
  1.59 10 8 m   3.0m r  5.04 108 m
 3m
R    (1.59 10 .m)(
8
7
)
A 7.98 10 m 2

 5.98 10-2 
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 Exercises 4.3

1. What is the resistance of a 4.5 m length of copper wire 2.0

mm in diameter?(ρCu = 1.68 x 10-8 Ω.m)( Ans: 24.064 x 10-3 Ω)

2. The resistivity of a silver is 1.59 x 10-8 Ω.m. The resistivity of

a copper wire is 1.68 x 10-8 Ω.m. If both wires have the same
length and radius, what is the ratio of resistance of a silver
wire compared to resistance of a copper wire? (Ans: 0.946)

3. A resistivity of a wire is 3.0 x 10-7 Ω.m and its cross-sectional

diameter is 5 mm. The wire has a resistance of 0.06 Ω. Find
the length of the wire. (Ans: 3.93 m)

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 ELECTRIC POWER, P
Energy Watt (W)
transformed @ J/s
per unit time

POWER, P

P = E/t= QV/t P = IV

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 ELECTRIC POWER, P

What you pay for on your electric bill is not power, but
energy – the power consumption multiplied by the
time.

We have been measuring energy in joules, but the electric

company measures it in kilowatt-hours, kWh:

1 kWh = (1000 W)(3600 s) = 3.60 x 106 J.

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 ELECTRIC POWER, P
Example:

Calculate the resistance of a 40-W automobile headlight designed for

12 V.

Solution: R = V2/P
= 3.6 Ω.
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 Exercises 4.4

2. An electric heater draws a steady 15.0 A on a

120 V line.
i. How much power does it required(Ans:P=1.8
kW)
ii. How much does it cost per month (30 days) if
it operates 3.0 h per day and the electric
company charges 9.2 cents per kWh?(Ans:$15)
Solution:
The power is: To operate it for:
(3.0 h/day)(30 day) = 90 h
P  IV
 (15.0 A)(120 V) Cost  (1.80 kW)(90 h)($0.092)
 1800 W  1.8 kW  $ 15
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 Exercises 4.5
3. A circuit provides a maximum current of 20.0 A at
an operating voltage of 1.20 x 102 V.
a. How many 75 W bulbs can operate with this
voltage source? (Ans: 32.0)
b. At $0.120 per kilowatt-hour, how much does
it cost to operate these bulbs for 8.0 h?
(Ans: $2.30)
Solution:
The power is:
To operate it for: 8 hours
P= IV
= (20.0 A)(1.20× 10 2 V) Cost = (2.40 kW)(8 h)($0.12)
= 2400 W = 2.4 kW = $ 2.304

Pout / Pin = bulbs

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2.4 kW/75 W = 32 bulbs
 ELECTRICAL METERS

Measure the amount

of electricity
(kilowatt) uses every
month

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 AMMETER

Measure the current

An ammeter is a galvanometer in parallel with a (shunt)

resistor with low resistance, Rsh.
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 VOLTMETER

Measure the potential

difference or voltage

A voltmeter is a galvanometer in series with a resistor with

high resistance, Rser.

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 MULTIMETER

Measure voltage,
current, resistance.
Also known as VOM
(Volt-Ohm-Meter)

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PAST YEAR QUESTION

Answer:

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~ ~ THE END ~ ~

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