12.

Electricity
Current
I Q t I current Q net change flowing t time

Unit: The unit of current is ampere

Q Coulomb (C) I Ampere (A) t Second (s) 1A 1C 1s

Potential difference The potential difference between two separate points is defined as the work done to move a unit positive charge from one point to another.
V W Q

Unit: The unit of potential difference is Volt 1 Volt Ohms law Current potential difference VI V = IR
1 1V 1A
1 joule 1 coulomb 1 V 1J C 1

(R = resistance)

Unit (R) (Ohm)

Factors on which resistance depends o R l,

R l A

when A and material constant l = length

o R 1/A, when l and material constant A = perpendicular cross-section

l A

( = resistivity)

Resistivity: Resistivity of a substance is equal to the resistance of a unit square of that substance.

Unit ( ) m Resistance in a series connection R = R1 + R2 + R3 + + Rn Resistance in parallel

1 1 1 1 ... R R1 R2 Rn

Heating Effect of current Electric energy = VIt

Heat, H VIt I 2 Rt

Application Electric iron, toaster, fused wire Fused wire: a low-melting point wire connected in series with electric devices for safety. Electric power
V2 P VI I R R
2

Unit 1 kWh = 3.6 106 J 1 W = 1V 1A Ohm law: Under constant physical conditions (i.e., constant temperature, pressure etc.), the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the conductor. Potential difference (which is measured in Voltage) is the cause of current (which is measured in Ampere). In conductors, flow of electrons constitute current. In a circuit current flow from positive terminal of the battery to the negative terminal, but electrons travels from negative terminal to the positive terminal. The negative terminal of a battery is said to be at lower potential and the positive terminal is said to be at higher potential.

 When a battery is not connected to any circuit, the potential difference across the terminals of the battery is equal to the EMF of the battery. (EMF = Electro Motive Force). **