X CLASS PHYSICS
ELECTRICITY
Electric charge : it is an intrinsic property
of an elementary particles of matter which
gives rise electric force between various
body.
Types of charges : it is of two types :-
Positive and negative charges:
The charge acquired by a glass rod
when rubbed with silk is called positive
charge and the charge acquired by an
ebonite rod when rubbed with wool is
called negative charge.
Q = ±ne
Where n is no. of electron, Q charge, e
is electron
Coulomb: It is the S.I. unit of charge.
One coulomb is defined as that amount
of charge which repels an equal and
similar charge with a force of 9 x 109 N
when placed in vacuum at a distance of
1 meter from it. Charge on an electron
=-1.6 x 10-19 coulomb.
Nature of charge: it is transferable in
nature. Charge transfer from one body
to another in the foam of electron and
both body have equal and opposite
charge.
Static and current electricities:
Static electricity deals with the electric
charges at rest while the current
electricity deals with the electric charges
in motion
Q1. If two bodies A & B rub to each
other what is the charge and nature of
both bodies if 1022 electron transfer from
A to B.
Ans. by q = ±ne, ans. ± 1.6 X 103 C
VARUN RAJPUT (9927857624, 8791060482) Email: varun.rajput84@gmail.com
Q2. How many no. of electron in 1C
charge.
Ans. by q = ±ne, n = q/e = 1/1.6 X10-19
= 6.25 X 1018
Conductor: A substance which allows
passage of electric charges through it
easily is called a conductor‘.A conductor
offers very low resistance to the flow of
current. For example copper, silver,
aluminium etc.
Insulator: A substance that has infinitely
high resistance does not allow electric
current to flow through it. It is called an
̳insulator‘. For example rubber, glass,
plastic, ebonite etc.
Electric current: The flow of electric
charges across a cross-section of a
conductor constitutes an electric current.
It is defined as the rate of flow of the
electric charge through any section of a
conductor. Electric current =
Charge/Time or
I = Q/t
Electric current is a scalar quantity.
Ampere: It is the S.I. unit of current. If
one coulomb of charge flows through
any section of a conductor in one
second, then current through it is said to
be one ampere.
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/1 second or 1 A
= 1C/1s = 1Cs-1
1 milliampere = 1 mA = 10-3A,
1 microampere = 1μA = 10-6A
Note: current can be measure by
ammeter, ammeter always connected in
series in an electric circuit.
 X CLASS PHYSICS
ELECTRICITY
Electric circuit: The closed path along
which electric current flows is called an One volt potential difference: The
electric circuit‘. Potential difference between two points
in an electric field is said to one volt if
one joule of work has to be done in
bringing a positive charge of one
coulomb from one point to another.
1 volt = 1 joule/1 coulomb or
1 V = 1J/1C

Conventional current: Conventionally, Rheostat

the direction of motion of positive
charges is taken as the direction of It is a variable resistance, it is use to
current. The direction of conventional control current in a circuit.
current is opposite to that of the
negatively charged electrons.

Galvanometer: It is device to detect

current in an electric circuit.
Electric field: It is the region around a
charged body within which its influence
can be experienced.

Electrostatic potential: Electrostatic

potential at any point in an electric field
is defined as the amount of work done in
bringing a unit positive charge from
infinity to that point. Its unit is volt.
V = work/charge
Ammeter: It is device to measure
current in a circuit. It is always
connected in series in a circuit.

Positive charges move from higher to

lower potential regions. Electrons, being
negatively charged, move from lower to
higher potential regions. Voltmeter: It is a device to measure
potential difference. It is always
Potential difference between two connected in parallel to the component
points: across which the potential difference is
The Potential difference between two to be measured.
points in an electric field is the amount
of work done in bringing a unit positive
charge from one to another.
Potential difference = Work
done/Charge or V = W/Q

VARUN RAJPUT (9927857624, 8791060482) Email: varun.rajput84@gmail.com

 X CLASS PHYSICS
ELECTRICITY
Ohm’s law: This law states that the material of side 1 m when current flows
current passing through a conductor is perpendicular to its opposite faces. Its
directly S.I. unit is ohm-meter (Ωm).
proportional to the potential difference Resistivity, ρ = RA/L
cross its ends, provided the physical
conditions like temperature, density etc. Equivalent resistance: If a single
remains unchanged. resistance can replace the combination
VαI of resistances in such a manner that the
V = RI current in the circuit remains
The proportionality constant R is called unchanged, then that single resistance
resistance of conductor. is called the equivalent resistance.

Resistance: It is a property of a Laws of resistances in series:

conductor by virtue of which it opposes
the flow of current through it. It is equal Current through each resistance is
to the ratio of the potential difference same. Whereas voltage divides
applied across its ends and the current Total voltage across the combination =
flowing through it. Sum of the voltage drops.
Resistance = Potential
difference/Current or R = V/I

Ohm: It is the S.I. unit of resistance. A

conductor has a resistance of one ohm
V= V1+ V2+ V3
if a current of one ampere flows through
IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
it on applying a potential difference of
R = R1 + R2 + R3
one volt across its ends.
1 ohm = 1 volt/1 ampere or 1Ω = 1V/1A
Equivalent resistance is larger than the
largest individual resistance.
Factors on which resistance of a
conductor depends:
Laws of resistances in parallel:
The resistance R of a conductor
Voltage across each resistance is same
depends
and is equal to the applied voltage.
i) Directly on its length L i.e. R α L.
Whereas current divides
ii) inversely on its area of cross-section
Total current = Sum of the currents
A i.e. R α 1/A
through the individual resistances.
iii) on the nature of material and
temperature of the conductor.

On combining the above factors, we get

R α L/A
R = ρ X L/A The proportionality constant
ρ is called resistivity of conductor. I = I1 + I2 + I3

Resistivity: It is defined as the V V V V

resistance offered by a cube of a = + +
R R1 R2 R3

VARUN RAJPUT (9927857624, 8791060482) Email: varun.rajput84@gmail.com

 X CLASS PHYSICS
ELECTRICITY
1 1 1 1 Watt: It is the S.I. unit of power. The
= + + power of an appliance is 1 watt if one
R R1 R2 R3
ampere of current flows through it on
Equivalent resistance is less than the applying a potential differences of 1 volt
smallest individual resistance. across its ends.
1 watt = 1 joule/1 second
Heating effect of current =1 volt x 1 ampere or 1 W
= 1 Js-1 = 1 VA
If current has to flow in the conductor, 1 kilowatt = 1000 W
the resistance has to be overcome due Series combination of power
to which loss of energy occurs which
convert into heat. 1 1 1 1
= + +
PS P1 P2 P3

Parallel combination of power

PP = P 1 + P 2 + P 3

Electric energy : it is defined as the total

work done by an electric current in a given
Joule’s law of heating: time. E = P X t

If one watt of power is consumed for one

second, then the electrical energy
consumed is said to be 1 joule.

It states that the heat produced in a 1 KWH = 1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 X 106 joule, it
conductor is directly proportional to (i) is also known as 1 unit. it is a commercial
the square of the current I through it (ii) unit of electrical energy.
proportional to its resistances R and (iii)
the time t for which current is passed.
Mathematically, it can be expressed as
H = I2Rt joule = I2Rt/4.18 cal or H = VIt
joule = VIt/4.18cal
ASSIGNMENT
Electric energy: It is the total work
done in maintaining an electric current in Q1. The voltage current (V-I) graph of a
an electric circuit for given time. Electric metallic conductor at two different
energy, W = VIt = I2Rt joule temperature T1 and T2 is shown in fig. at
which temperature is the resistance higher?
Electrical power: Electrical power is
the rate at which electric energy is
consumed by an appliance.
P = W/t = VI = I2R = V2/R

VARUN RAJPUT (9927857624, 8791060482) Email: varun.rajput84@gmail.com

 X CLASS PHYSICS
ELECTRICITY
at A is 50 Volt. Find potential at B.
Ans. V=65 Volt.

Q12. The V-I graph of two materials A and B

Ans. at T2 is shown in fig. which material has higher
resistance?
Q2. What is the commercial unit of electric
energy? Ans. kilowatt hour (kWh)

Q3. Which substance is used for making

resistance coil of electric heater and why?

Ans. Nichrome due to high resistivity

Q13. The values of current (I) flowing in a
Q4. Why is an ammeter connected in series given resistor for the corresponding values
in an electric circuit? Ans. whole of current, of potential difference (V) across the
which it has to measure passes through it. resistor are as follows:

Q5. What is the resistance of ideal

ammeter? Ans zero
Plot a graph between V and I and calculate
Q6. What is the resistance of ideal
the resistance of the resistor.
voltmeter? Ans. infinity
ans. R = 11/3 = 3.67 Ω
Q7. Name the alloy which is used for
making the filament of bulbs.
Ans. Tungsten.

Q8. Which one has more resistance 100

watt or 60 watt bulb both operating at
220V? ans. 60 watt.
Q9. Find current, when 100 million
electrons flow through a cross-section of
conductor in one microsecond.
Ans. I = 1.6 X 10-5 A
Q10. How much work is done in moving a
charge of 2 coulomb from a point at 118V
to point at 128 volt? Ans. W=20 joule
Q11. Work done in moving 10 coulomb
charge from A to B is 150 joule, if potential
Q14. A wire of length L and resistance R is
stretched so that its length is double and
the area of cross-section is halved. How will
its: (a) resistance change? (b) resistivity
change? justify your answer in each case.
Ans. R becomes 4 times (b) remains same
Q15. What is the resistance of air gap. Ans.
it is very large, almost infinity
Q16. If the length of a conductor is doubled
keeping its area of cross-section the same
then what happens to resistance. Ans. as R
∝l, resistance of the wire gets doubled.

VARUN RAJPUT (9927857624, 8791060482) Email: varun.rajput84@gmail.com

 X CLASS PHYSICS
ELECTRICITY
Q17. A piece of wire is redrawn by pulling it
until its length is doubled. Compare the new
resistance with the original value. Ans.
resistance becomes four times (R2 = n2R1)

Q18. If diameter of a wire is doubled then

Q22. Three resistance are connected as
1
what will be the new resistance? Ans. R∝ shown in fig. through the resistance 5Ω, a
A
current of 1amp. is flowing: (a) what is the
1
, R∝ 2 if d is doubled then resistance will current through the other two resistors?
d
(b) what is the potential difference across
1
become times of original resistance AB and across AC? (c) what is the total
4
resistance?
Q19. In a fig. putting an ammeter to
measure the current through the resistors
and a voltmeter to measure the voltage
across the 12 ohm resistor. Ans. I = 0.32
Q23. In the circuit shown in fig. the cells and
amp., V = 3.84 Volt
the ammeter both have negligible
resistance. The resistance. The resistors are
identical. With the switch K open the
ammeter reads 0.6 A. what will be the
ammeter reading when the switch is
closed? ans. V = 0.3 R, Rp = R/3, I = 0.9 A
Q20. Five resistance are connected in the
shape of letter A as shown in fig. alongside.
Determine the total resistance of the
circuit. Ans. 15Ω

Q24. B1, B2, B3 are three identical bulbs

Q21. In fig. R1 = 10Ω, R2 = 40Ω, R3 = 30Ω, R4
= 20Ω, R5 = 60Ω and a 12 Volt battery is
connected to the arrangement, calculate (a)
the total resistance and (b) the total current
flowing in the circuit. Ans. I = 2.7 amp.
connected as shown in fig. Ammeters A1, A2,
A3 are connected as shown. When all the
bulbs glow, the current of 3A is recorded by
ammeter A. (i) what happens to the glow of
the other two bulbs when bulb B1 gets
fused? (ii) what happens to the reading of
A1, A2, A3 and A when the bulb gets fused?
(iii) how much power is dissipated in the

VARUN RAJPUT (9927857624, 8791060482) Email: varun.rajput84@gmail.com

 X CLASS PHYSICS
ELECTRICITY
circuit when all the three bulbs glow answer.
together?

Q29. Which has a higher resistance: a 50W

Ans. I = 1A, (i) no effect (ii) I = 2A, P = 13.5W
Q25. Fig. show a 240V A.C mains circuit to
which a number of appliance are connected
and switched on. (a) calculate the power
supplied to the circuit (b) calculate (i) the
current in the refrigerator, (ii) the energy
used by the fan in 3 hours, (iii) the
resistance of the filament of one lamp.
– 220V lamp or a 25W – 220V lamp?
Calculate the ratio of the resistances. Ans.
R2>R1
Q30. An electric bulb is rated 220V and
100W. calculate the power consumed when
it is operated on 110V. ans. 25W
Q31.

find the resistance ans. 10Ω

ans. (a) 1.52 kW, (b) (i) 0.83A, 12960000J,
960Ω

Q26. A circuit has a fuse of 5A. what is the

maximum number of 100W (220V) bulbs
that can be safely used in the current?
Ans. n=11

Q27. What is the resistance from A to B in

the network shown in the fig.?

ans. R/3

Q28. Two students perform the experiment

on series and parallel combination of two
given resistors R1 and R2 and plot the
following V-I graphs (a) and (b). which of
the graphs is correctly labeled in terms of
the world series and parallel? Justify your

VARUN RAJPUT (9927857624, 8791060482) Email: varun.rajput84@gmail.com