Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering (ME 3024) Module 1

FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (ME 3024)

MODULE 1
SYLLABUS
CO1 Solve simple electrical circuits using the fundamental concept of circuit
parameters and basic laws
M1.01 Summarize the basic elements of an electrical circuit 3 Understanding
and their characteristics
M1.02 Solve simple dc circuits using basic laws 4 Applying
M1.03 Explain the fundamentals of AC and its behaviour in 4 Understanding
passive components
M1.04 Solve simple problems related to electrical power and 4 Applying
energy
Contents:
Basic terms in electricity - current, emf, resistance. Dc circuits- equivalent resistance - series, parallel,
combination of series & parallel - simple problems. Ohm’s law- problems, Kirchhoff’s laws –
problems Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s law; Dynamically induced emf;
Statically induced emf. Generation of AC voltage- waveforms of emf - definitions-Cycle, Frequency,
Period, Amplitude, Angular velocity, RMS value, Average value, Form Factor, Peak Factor.
Resistance- reactance-impedance, phase angle- power factor.
Three phase connections -star and delta - Relation between line and phase values (equations only)
Electric power-dc and ac powers-equations- unit-problems. Electrical energy -equations - basic and
commercial unit -problems. Calculation of monthly electricity bill.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
When a body is charged, work is done in charging the body. This work is stored in the body as
electrical potential energy. The electric potential at a point is the electric potential energy per
unit charge.
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 (𝑉) = =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
SI unit of electric potential is volt (V)
1 volt = 1 Joule/ coulomb
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
The difference in the potentials of two charged bodies is called potential difference. If two
bodies, at different potentials, are connected through a conductor, the charge will flow from

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the body at higher potential to the body at lower potential until potential becomes equal. Thus,
the current will flow in a circuit if potential difference exists.
SI unit of potential difference is volt (V)

ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE(EMF)
A device that maintains potential difference between two points is said to develop
electromotive force (EMF). Eg Cell. In a cell chemical energy is converted to electrical energy
to do work and maintain potential difference. Potential difference causes charge flow while an
emf maintains potential difference. The SI unit of emf is volts(V).

ELECTRIC CURRENT
The flow of electrons or charge in a definite direction is called electric current. Conventionally
the direction of electric current is taken along the direction of motion of positive charges.
Current is measured by the time rate of flow of charge through the conductor. If the charge q
is flowing through any cross section of the conductor in time t then current I is given by
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐼) =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
SI unit of electric current is ampere(A)
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second

OHM’S LAW
The relationship between voltage and current through a conductor was first discovered by
German scientist George Simon Ohm. This relationship is called Ohm's law.

Statement:
The current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference (V) across its ends, provided the physical conditions like temperature, pressure
etc do not change.
𝐼𝛼𝑉
𝑉
= 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑅
𝐼
R is the constant of proportionality and is called resistance of the conductor.

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RESISTANCE
The resistance of a conductor is defined as the ratio of potential difference applied across its
ends to the resulting current to the conductor.

𝑉
𝑅 =
𝐼

Resistance is an opposition to the flow of current through a conductor. SI unit of resistance is

ohm( 𝛺).
1 ohm = 1 volt/ampere
LAW OF RESISTANCE
The resistance ( R) of a conductor Is directly proportional to the length(l) of the conductor and
inversely proportional to the area of cross section (A) of it.
𝑙
𝑅 𝛼
𝐴
𝜌𝑙
R= 𝐴 where 𝜌 is the proportionality constant called specific resistance or resistivity of the
material.

ELECTRIC POWER
The power of an electric appliance is the rate at which electrical energy is converted into other
forms of energy.
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑞𝑉
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑃) = = = IV
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
𝑉2
Thus , 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑃) = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 𝑅

SI unit of power is watts. 1 watt = 1 joule/second

DIRECT CURRENT
The electric current that flows in one direction is called direct current. The current supplied by
a cell or battery or direct current. The closed path followed by direct current is called a DC
circuit. The load for a DC circuit is usually a resistance. In a DC circuit resistance may be
connected in series or parallel or series parallel.

COMBINATION OF RESISTORS
If a circuit consists of two or more similar passive elements and are connected in exclusively
of series type or parallel type, then we can replace them with a single equivalent passive

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element. Hence, this circuit is called as an equivalent circuit. In this chapter, let us discuss
about the following two equivalent circuits.
 Series Equivalent Circuit
 Parallel Equivalent Circuit
a. Resistors in series
The resistors are said to be connected in series if the same current flows through each resistor
and there is only one path for the current flow throughout. Consider three resistors
𝑅1 , 𝑅2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅3 connected in series to a cell of V volts as shown in fig.

𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
where 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 , 𝑉3 are the potential difference across 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅3 respectively. Let I be the
current through the circuit. Then
V = I𝑅1 + 𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝑅3
If the resistors are replaced by an equivalent resistor of resistance 𝑅𝑇 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 V= 𝐼𝑅𝑇
Thus, 𝐼𝑅𝑇 = I𝑅1 + 𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝑅3
The total resistance 𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
Characteristics Of Resistors Connected In Series
i. Only one path for current flow
ii. Current through all resistors are the same.
iii. Total resistance = sum of resistance, 𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑
iv. Total resistance will be larger than the largest individual resistance.
v. If n resistors, each of resistance R are connected in series, then total resistance = nR

b. Resistors in Parallel
Are said to be connected in parallel if the potential difference across each resistor is the same
and there are as many paths for current as the number of resistors. Consider three resistors
𝑅1 , 𝑅2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅3 connected across a cell of V volts as shown in fig.

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Total current I = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
Where 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , 𝐼3 are the currents through 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅3 respectively.
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
I=𝑅 + +𝑅
1 𝑅2 3

𝑉
If the resistors are replaced by an equivalent resistor of resistance 𝑅𝑒𝑞 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 I = 𝑅
𝑒𝑞

𝐼 𝑉 1 1
Thus , V = 𝑅 + +𝑅
1 𝑅2 3

𝟏 1 𝟏 𝟏
Or =𝑅 + +𝑹
𝑹𝒆𝒒 1 𝑹𝟐 𝟑

Characteristics Of Resistors Connected In Parallel

i. Voltage across all the individual resistors are same
ii. Reciprocal of total resistance is equal to the sum of reciprocal of individual resistances,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
=𝑹 + 𝑹𝟐
+𝑹
𝑹𝑻 𝟏 𝟑

iii. Total resistance will be less than the smallest individual resistance.
𝑅
iv. If n resistors, each of resistance R are connected in parallel, then Total resistance = 𝑛

PROBLEMS:
1. Determine the equivalent resistance and total current taken by the circuit if two resistors
of 8Ω and 4Ω are connected across a 16 V supply as follows
(i) Parallel
(ii) Series.

Parallel: Series:
1/Reff =1/R1 + 1/R2 Reff= R1 + R2
1/Reff = 1/8 + 1/4 Thus Reff = 2.66 Reff = 8 + 4 = 12 Ω
Total current =V/Reff = 16/ 2.66 = 162.66 = 6 A Total Current = V/Reff= 16/12 =1.33 A

Kirchoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL or Loop Rule)
The sum of all voltages or potential differences in an electrical circuit loop is 0

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A rise in potential is given by + sign ie, when we

move around a closed path and find voltage
polarity such that it is from- to + then that
voltage is given + sign.

and fall in potential by a -ve sign. when we

Writing KVL equation we get, +v – v1 – v2 = 0 move around a closed path and find voltage
polarity such that it is from + to - then that
voltage is given - sign

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL or Junction Rule)

The sum of all currents meeting at a junction is 0.
Or
The total current entering the junction equals to the total current leaving the junction.
The currents enter the junction have the positive sign and the currents that leave the junction
have a negative sign

Problems:
In the following circuit find the current through all resistors

Writing KVL in mesh 1 we get

20 – 10i1 -4(i1 -i2) = 0

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20 -14 i1 + 4 i2 = 0
14i1 – 4 i2 = 20
ie, 7i1 – 2 i2 = 10 ………………… 1
Writing KVL in mesh 2 we get
+12 – 8i2 – 4(i2 – i1) = 0
12 – 12 i2 + 4i1 = 0
4i1 – 12 i2 = - 12
i1 – 3i2 = -3 ………………………..2
From 2 i1= 3i2 – 3 and put this in eq 1 we get 7(3i2 – 3) – 2 i2 = 10. Solving for i2 we get i2
= 1.63 A. Put this value in any eqn we get i1 = 1.89 A
Solving we get i1 = 1.89 A and i2 = 1.63 A
Thus current through 10 Ω resistor is i1 = 1.89 A
The current through 8 Ω resistor is i2 = 1.63 A
The current through 4 Ω resistor is i1 – i2 = 1.89 -1.63 = 0.26 A

ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION

This phenomenon where an e.m.f. and hence current (i.e., flow of electrons) is induced in
any conductor which is cut by a magnetic field is known as electromagnetic induction.
Voltage is induced in the conductor whenever relative motion exists between a conductor and
a magnetic field and that the magnitude of this voltage is proportional to the rate of change of
the flux‖. It was discovered by Michael Faraday.
Faraday’s First Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an emf is induced in it.
Or
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic field, an emf in induced in the conductor.
Faraday’s Second Law of Electromagnetic Induction
The magnitude of induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages.
𝒅𝝓
Induced emf, e = N 𝒅𝒕 ,

N- Number of turns of coil

Φ- Flux linked with the coil
t- time
Lenz’s Law:
The direction of induced emf or current is such that it opposes the cause producing it.

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𝑑𝜙
In view of Lenz’s law induced emf can be written as ; e = - N 𝑑𝑡 ,

Types of Induced EMF

1. Dynamically Induced EMF
2. Statically Induced EMF
Dynamically Induced EMF:
An emf is induced in the conductor due to the motion of the conductor and the field here is
stationary. The emf thus induced is called dynamically induced emf.
Example: AC or DC generators
Statically Induced EMF:
Here the conductor is stationary and the field is moving. The emf induced in the conductor in
this way is called statically induced emf.
Example: Transformers
There are two types of statically induced emf
Self induced emf: Here emf is induced in the coil due to the change in magnetic flux of its
own
Mutual induced emf: Here emf is induced in the coil due to the change in magnetic flux of
the neighbouring coil.
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
Faraday’s first law states that whenever a conductor moves inside a magnetic field, there will
be an induced current in it. The direction of these three quantities is determined by Fleming’s
Right Hand Rule.
The rule states that, “If we hold out the right hand with first finger, second finger and
thumb at right angle to each other, the forefinger represents the direction of magnetic
field, thumb points in the direction of motion, then the second finger points in the
direction of induced current.”

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Generation of AC voltage
• AC voltage is generated by rotating a coil in a magnetic field.

Consider a stationary coil placed inside a uniform magnetic field. The load is connected across
the coil with the help of brushes and slip rings. When the coil rotates inside the magnetic field,
emf is induced in the coil. The magnitude of emf induced depends on
(i) Speed: The speed at which coil rotates inside the magnetic field.
(ii) Strength: The strength of the magnetic field.
(iii) Length: The length of the conductor passing through the field.
When coil is parallel to magnetic field, (θ =0) and emf induced is ZERO. When the coil
is perpendicular to the magnetic field, (θ =90) emf induced is MAXIMUM. The direction of
induced current in the conductor AB and CD can be found using Flemings Right hand rule
The direction of rotation of AB is upwards and field is directed from left to right, hence
the direction of current induced is inwards (into the paper). The direction of rotation of CD is
downwards and field is directed from left to right, hence the direction of current induced is
outwards (out the paper). After 180° rotation, AB starts coming down while CD starts going
upwards. The direction of the current in each conductor can be found using the above principle.
Since AB is coming down, the current in AB is directed outwards and CD is going up, the
current in CD is moving inwards The direction of current in the load is alternating.

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Basic terms in AC systems

1. Instantaneous value
The value of an AC quantity at any instant of time is called instantaneous value.
2. Maximum value/ Amplitude
The peak value, positive or negative of an AC quantity is called its amplitude or
maximum value.

3. Cycle
One full set of positive and negative values of an alternating waveform is called a cycle

4. Time Period
The time taken by an alternating quantity to complete one cycle is called its time period
T. For eg. a 50 Hz alternating current has a time period of 1/50 second.

5. Frequency
The number of cycles/second is called frequency of AC quantity. Its unit is hertz (Hz).
6. Angular velocity

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The value of the AC quantity varies with time at a rate given by the numerical value of ω,
which is called the angular velocity of the quantity. It is expressed in radians per second.
ω = 2𝝅f ; f is the frequency
Average Value:
The average value of an alternating current is expressed by that steady current which
transfers across any circuit the same charge as is transferred by that alternating current
during the same time.
In the case of a symmetrical alternating current the average value over a complete cycle is zero.
Hence, in their case, the average value is obtained by adding or integrating the instantaneous
values of current over one half-cycle only. But in the case of an unsymmetrical alternating
current (like half-wave rectified current) the average value must always be taken over the whole
cycle
Root Mean Square (RMS) value:
The RMS value of an alternating current is given by that steady (dc) current which
when flowing through a given circuit for a given time produces the same heat as produced
by the alternating current when flowing through the same circuit form same time.
𝑽𝒎
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 = ; where 𝑉𝑚 is the maximum value or amplitude
√𝟐

Equation of AC voltage
A sinusoidal AC voltage is represented by the equation,
V = 𝑽𝒎 Sin ωt
or V = 𝑽𝒎 Sin 2πft
Where 𝑉𝑚 = Peak voltage,
ω = Angular velocity
f = frequency

Form Factor
It is defined as the ratio of rms value to average value of an alternating quantity.
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Form Factor = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 1.11 for sine wave

Peak Factor
It is defined as the ratio of maximum value to rms value of an alternating quantity.
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Peak factor = = 1.414 for sine wave
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

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Electrical Reactance
Reactance is defined as the opposition to the flow of current from a circuit element due to its
inductance or capacitance. When an electric current passes through inductance or capacitance,
its amplitude and phase changes. Reactance is the parameter used to compute this change in
the current or voltage waveform.
Inductive Reactance
Reactance offered by an inductor to electric current is called inductive reactance. It is
represented by the symbol 𝑿𝑳 . Its unit is ohm (Ω). The magnitude of inductive reactance, |𝑿𝑳 |
= ωL = 2πfL,
f is the frequency in Hz
L is the inductance in henry (H).

Capacitive Reactance
Reactance offered by an inductor to electric current is called capacitive reactance. It is
represented by the symbol 𝑿𝑪 . Its unit is ohm (Ω). The magnitude of inductive reactance, |𝑿𝑪 |
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝝎𝑪 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪 ,

f is the frequency in Hz
C is the capacitance in farad (F).

Impedance
The net opposition to current flow in an electric circuit is known as impedance. It is
represented by the symbol ‘Z’. Its unit is ohm (Ω). In a DC circuit, since opposition to current
is offered only by resistance. In an AC circuit, opposition to current flow is offered by both
𝑉
resistance and reactance. In both cases impedance is represented by the equation, Z = Ω. If
𝐼

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in a circuit, R is the resistance, 𝑋𝐿 is the inductive reactance and 𝑋𝐶 is the capacitive reactance,
then magnitude of impedance is given by the equation,

|Z| = √𝑹𝟐 + (𝑿𝑳 − 𝑿𝑪 )𝟐 ohms

R is the resistance of the circuit
𝑋𝐿 is the inductive reactance, |𝑋𝐿 | = ωL = 2πfL
1 1
𝑋𝐶 is the capacitive reactance, |𝑋𝐶 | = 𝜔𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶

Power in AC Circuits
The rate of doing work or the amount of energy transferred by a circuit per unit time is known
as power in AC circuits. It is used to calculate the total power required to supply a load
Power Factor
To understand power factor, we’ll first start with the definition of some basic terms:
 The angle between voltage and current is called phase angle.
 The cosine of the phase angle is called power factor
 KW is Active Power (also called Actual Power or Real Power). It is the power that
actually powers the equipment and performs useful work
 KVAR is Reactive Power. It is the power that magnetic equipment (transformer, motor
and relay) needs to produce the magnetizing flux. This power is not consumed by the
circuit.
 KVA is Apparent Power. It is the “vectorial summation” of KVAR and KW.
Power Factor (P.F.) is defined as the ratio of Active Power to Apparent Power
Power Factor =KW/KVA
Types of Power
1. Active Power
The power which is actually consumed or utilized in an AC Circuit is called True
power or Active power or Real power It is measured in kilowatt (kW) or MW.
P = V I cos θ (in Single phase AC Circuits)
2. Reactive Power
The powers that continuously bounce back and forth between source and load is known as
reactive Power (Q). It is also known as Use-less Power, Watt less Power
Q = V I Sin θ
3. Apparent Power: (S)

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The product of root mean square (RMS) value of voltage and current is known as Apparent
Power. This power is measured in kVA or MVA.
Apparent power S = V x I = VI
Three Phase Circuits
The three-phase power supply includes four wires which consist of one neutral along with three
conductor wires. The three conductors are away from phase & space and they have a phase
angle of 120º from each other.
STAR CONNECTION

In Star (also denoted by Y) system of interconnection, the starting ends or finishing ends of
three coils are connected together to form the neutral point. The other ends are joined to the
line wires. The common point is called the neutral or Star Point, which is represented by N.

Here Line current = Phase current ie, IL = Iph

Line voltage = √𝟑 Phase Voltage ie, VL = √𝟑 Vph
DELTA CONNECTION
In Delta (also denoted by Δ) system of interconnection, the starting ends of the three phases or
coils are connected to the finishing ends of the coil. Or the starting end of the first coil is
connected to the finishing end of the second coil and so on (for all three coils) and it looks like
a closed mesh or circuit

Here Line voltage = Phase voltage ie, VL = Vph

Line current = √𝟑 Phase current, ie, IL = √𝟑 Iph
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Practice Problems
1. A single phase load at 220 V draws a current of 3A at a power factor of 0.8 lag.Calculate
(i)Active power (ii)Reactive power (iii)Apparent power
2. A circuit consisting of resistance 50Ω and inductive reactance 30Ω in series is supplied
with an ac voltage of 250 V . Determine a) Impedance of the circuit, b) Power factor
of the circuit, c) Active power
Answers
1.(i) Active power =528W ,(ii)Reactive power =396 VAR (iii)Apparent power =660 VA
2.(a) Impedance of the circuit =58.30 Ω (b)Power factor =0.85 (c)Active power=911.23W

Electrical Energy
Total amount of work done in an electrical circuit is called electrical energy
Units of Electrical Energy is: Watt Second (W-sec)
Higher units of Electrical energy are:
Kilo Watt hour (kWh)
Mega Watt hour (MWh)
Electrical Energy consumption
Electric energy consumption is the form of energy consumption that uses electric energy.
Electrical Energy = Power x Time

Represented by the symbol E basic unit: - Watts- sec

Commercial Unit of electrical energy = kilo Watt hour (kWh)

1 unit consumption of electrical energy = 1 kWh

Kilo Watt-Hour (KWh) :- It used as the commercial unit of electrical energy. The energy
consumed by a load when a power of 1 kW is delivered or consumed in an hour is called 1 kilo
Watt-hour.
1 unit consumption of electrical energy = 1 kWh.
Calculation of Monthly Electricity Bill

Consider an consumer having the following load details. It includes the details of Power rating
in Watts, of all the working appliances and their operating time in Hours.

For example

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SI No. Appliances Power Rating No.of Appliances Hours of operation

1 Fan 80 W 3 8
2 Tube light 40W 3 8
3 LED Bulb 10W 4 8
4 Television 100W 1 6
5 Refrigerator 140W 1 12
6 Iron box 750W 1 2
7 Water Pump 750W 1 1
The electric energy consumed by each load for a day can be found out by the equation,

So the Units consumed by each load in a day can be tabulated as below.

SI No. Appliances Power No.of Hours of Energy consumed in kWh

Rating Appliances operation
1 Fan 80 W 3 8 3 × 80 × 8 1.92
=
1000
2 Tube light 40W 3 8 3 × 40 × 8 0.96
=
1000
3 LED Bulb 10W 4 8 4 × 10 × 8 0.32
=
1000
4 Television 100W 1 6 1 × 100 × 6 0.6
=
1000
5 Refrigerator 140W 1 12 1 × 140 × 12 1.68
=
1000
6 Iron box 750W 1 2 1 × 750 × 2 1.5
=
1000
7 Water Pump 750W 1 1 1 × 750 × 1 0.75
=
1000
Total Units consumed per day
=1.92 + 0.96 +0.32 + 0.6 + 1.68 + 1.5 + 0.75
= 7.73 units.
Total Units consumed in a month (take no of days= 30)
= 7.73 × 30
= 231.9 Units.
If the rate of one unit is Rs.3, then Electricity bill = 231.9 × 3= Rs. 695.7

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Qn 1. A residential Building has the following electrical load and appliances are operated as
per the load details given. Calculate the following.

i. Total Connected Load in kW.

ii. Energy Consumption in kWh in one day.

iii. Monthly Electricity bill for a month of April at the rate of Rs. 3 per kWh.

Si. No. Load Details

1 4 Tube lights each 40 watts working 6 Hours/day

2 An electric Iron-750Watts working 1 hour/day

3 4 fans each 60 watts working 10 hours/day

4 A Mixie- 750 Watts working 1 Hour/day

Ans.
Total units consumed by each load in a day is calculated by the equation,

SI No. Appliances Power No.of Hours of kWh

Rating Appliances operation
1 Tube light 40W 4 6 4 × 40 × 6 =0.96
=
1000
2 Electric iron 750 W 1 1 1 × 750 × 1 =0.75
=
1000
3 Fan 60W 4 10 4 × 60 × 10 =2.4
=
1000
4 Mixie 750 W 1 1 1 × 750 × 1 =0.75
=
1000
i. Total connected load in kW=(40×4)+(750×1)+(60×4)+(750×1) =1900 W
=1900/1000=1.9kW
ii. Energy consumption in kWh in one day= 0.96+0.75+2.4+0.75 =4.86 kWh
iii. For the month April , No.of days =30.
Thus Total Units consumed in April= 4.86 ×30 = 145.8 Units.
The given rate is Rs. 3 per kWh, then the monthly electricity bill for the month April
=145.8 ×3 = Rs. 437.4
Qn 2. A residential Building has the following electrical load and appliances are operated as
per the load details given. Calculate the following.

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Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering (ME 3024) Module 1

iv. Total Connected Load in kW.

v. Energy Consumption in kWh in one day.
vi. Monthly Electricity bill for a month of March at the rate of Rs. 5 per kWh.

Sl. No. Item Wattage No.s Daily Operating Hours

1 TV 60 1 6

2 Tube light 40 6 8

3 Heater 1000 1 2

4 Fan 60 4 4

5 Cooler 100 1 4

Ans.
Total units consumed by each load in a day is calculated by the equation ,

SI No. Appliances Power No.of Hours of kWh

Rating Appliances operation
1 TV 60W 1 6 1 × 60 × 6 =0.36
=
1000

2 Tube Light 40 W 6 8 6 × 40 × 8 =1.92

=
1000
3 Heater 1000 1 2 1 × 1000 × 2 =2
=
1000
W
4 Fan 60 W 4 4 4 × 60 × 4 =0.96
=
1000
5 Cooler 100W 1 4 1 × 100 × 4 =0.4
=
1000

iv. Total connected load in kW=(60×1)+(40×6)+(1000×1)+(60×4)+(100×1)

=1640 W
=1640/1000=1.64kW
v. Energy consumption in kWh in one day= 0.36+1.92+2+0.96+0.4 =5.64 kWh
vi. For the month March , No.of days =31
Total Units consumed in april= 5.64×31 = 174.84 Units.

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 Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering (ME 3024) Module 1

The given rate is Rs. 5 per kWh,

then the monthly electricity bill for the month April
=174.84 ×5 = Rs. 874.2
Model Questions
Part A
• Name the scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction.
• General expression for alternating voltage is ……………………..
Part B
• Explain the generation of single-phase sinusoidal ac voltage.
• Explain with diagram generation of alternating voltage in a coil.
• Define the following with respect to alternating voltage
(a) Instantaneous value
(b) Frequency
Part C
• State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
• Define the following with respect to an alternating voltage. Also draw the alternating voltage
waveform and mark these parameters.
(a) Cycle
(b) Time Period
(c) Maximum value
• Calculate (a) Amplitude, (b) Frequency and (c) Time period of the following expression.
V = 25 sin 628t

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