https://dmohankumar.wordpress.

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ELECTRIC CURRENT
 OBJECTIVES:
• Explain how electricity flow
• Describe how electric circuits work
• Draw circuit diagrams
• Relate voltage, current, and resistance
• Describe the factors that affect resistivity
and conductivity
• Calculate electric energy and electric
power
• Compute for household electric
consumption
• Describe the physiological effects of
electrical shock; electrical hazards;
safety devices and procedures
 JUST A RECALL
How do electrical and electronic appliances work?

Electrical Appliances Electronic Appliances

• Electrical and electronic appliances works when electricity flows through them.
• Electrical and electronic appliances convert electric energy into other forms of
energy (mechanical, light, thermal, and sound).
 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
What are the components in a circuit?
load device
3
(bulb)

conductor
2
(wire)
safety device
5
(fuse) control device
4
(switch)

power source
1
(battery)
 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Schematic Diagram

•
A B C D E
connected not connected closed open Safety
wire wire switch switch fuse

F G H I J
light bulb single cell Battery ammeter voltmeter
(3 cells)

K L M N O
capacitor polarized resistor variable Ground
capacitor resistor (earth)
 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
What is a short circuit?

• Short circuit is an electric circuit that bypass

the actual circuit of current flow.
• It occurs when two or more current-carrying
conductors come in contact with each other
or with the ground.
• It is a dangerous condition during which
current shoots up several times the
permissible limits.
• It may cause burned wires, damage to the
voltage source or a quickly-drained battery.
 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
How does electricity flow in a circuit?

• The free electrons within a conducting wire are moving randomly between other
atoms.
• When a power source (battery) is connected to a circuit, the potential difference
(voltage) will push the electrons to flow (electric current) through the circuit in
the direction of lower electric potential.
 ELECTRIC CURRENT
How do we measure electric current?
• Electric current is NOT the speed of charge
flow.

• Electric current is the rate of flow of charge

Q
(q) through a cross-section area of a I 
conductor (A) in a unit of time (t). t
charge
current = 1 amp =
1coulomb
time 1 second

• Electric current is measured in amperes (A) using an ammeter.

 ELECTRIC CURRENT
Which way does electric current flow?
 ELECTRIC CURRENT
DC versus AC

DC Current AC Current
Source Battery (Chemical) Outlet (Generator)
Direction ONE REVERSES
 EXPLORING VOLTAGE
What is EMF?
voltage drop
electromotive
force voltage drop
EMF

• Voltage provides the push for electrons to flow around a circuit.

• It is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter.
• The energy per unit charge imparted by an energy source is known as the
electromotive force (EMF)
• The decrease of electrical potential along the path of a current flowing in a circuit
is known as the voltage drop.
 VOLTAGE (EMF)
What happens when you combine cells?
I = 2.3 Ah

I = 4.6 Ah
V
V V = 3.0 V
V = 1.5 V
Battery in Parallel Battery in Series
 RESISTANCE
What is a resistor?

• An electrical component that reduces the electric current is known as resistor.

• Resistors imposes impediment to the flow of charge.
• Resistors control (limit) and direct electricity through the circuit.
 RESISTIVITY

R - resistance
ρ - resistivity Resistivity - property of a material
L - length that causes it to oppose a current.
A - cross sectional area
 VOLTAGE, CURRENT, & RESISTANCE
Water Hose Analogy

• VOLTAGE (V) is like the pressure that pushes water through the hose. It is
measured in volts (V).
• CURRENT (I) is like the diameter of the hose. The wider it is, the more water will
flow through. It is measured in amps (A).
• RESISTANCE (R) is like sand in the hose that slows down the water flow. It is
measured in ohms (Ω).
 VOLTAGE, CURRENT, AND RESISTANCE

V=IR
R=V/I

I=V/R

1. How do you think resistance will affect current flow in a circuit?

2. What mathematical relationship exists among voltage, current, and resistance?

 ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY
Calculating Electric Power
Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is expended.

P – power (watts, W)
E – energy (joules, J)
t – time (seconds, s)
 ELECTRIC POWER AND ENERGY
Calculating Electric Energy Use
Energy is the work done or energy supplied by the source in maintaining the flow
of electric current.

E=W

• Electric energy is measured in watt-hours (Wh).

• Kilowatt-hours (kWh) is used in the measurement of electric energy consumptions
at home.
• 1 kWh = 1,000 Wh
 PROBLEM SOLVING
1. An energy source forces a constant current of 2 A for 10 s to flow
through a lightbulb. If 2.3 kJ is given off in the form of light and
heat energy, calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.

G: I = 2 A
t = 10 s
W = 2.3 kJ S: q = (2A)(10s)
= 20 As
R: ∆V = ?
q = 20 C S: ∆V = W/q
E: ∆V = W/q q = 20C = (2.3 x 10 3 J) / (20 C)
q=It ∆V = 115 V
A: ∆V = 115 V
 PROBLEM SOLVING
2. A microwave is the only electric device in a 120-V circuit. If the circuit
has 7.5 A of current, what is the electric power of the microwave?
Calculate the electrical energy consumption of the microwave if it
used for 3.0 minutes. ₱ 8.7497 per kWh

G: V = 120 V
I = 7.5 A
S: P = IV
t = 3.0 min
= (7.5 A) (120 V)
R: a. P = ? = 900 AV
b. E = ? P = 900 W S: E = Pt
A: P = 900 W = (900 W)(0.05 h)
E: a. P = IV
= 45 Wh
b. E = Pt
E = 0.045 KWh
A: E = 0.045 kWh
 PROBLEM SOLVING
3. While attending a 30-minute online synchronous session, a student is using a lap
top, a light bulb, and an electric fan with 50 W, 10 W, and 1000 W respectively. If
the cost of electricity is ₱ 8.7497 per kWh, how much would the electric
consumption be for that session?

G: t = 30 min S: Econs = P t
Plt = 50 W = (50W + 10W + 1000W)(0.50 h)
Plb = 10 W Econs = 530 Wh
Pef = 1000 W A: Econs = 0.530 kWh
cost = ₱ 8.7497/kWh
R: Econs = ? S: Ecost = Econs x cost
E: Ecost = (Econs)(cost) = (0.530 kWh)(₱ 8.7497/kWh)
Ecost = ₱ 4.637341
A: Ecost = ₱ 4.64
 APPLICATIONS
Is it true that “It’s not the voltage that kills”?

DANGER

KEEP OUT
• Voltage alone does not kill, but high voltage can generate enough current to
cause injury or death.
• However, high voltage with a few micro amperes cause nothing to the human
body.
 APPLICATIONS
Why does an electric kettle use both copper and nichrome wires?

• Copper wire is use for the external wire because it has low resistance and
produces less heat.
• Nichrome wire is use for the heating element because it has high resistance
and produces a lot of heat.