Principle of Electricity

Basic Electronics
 OBJECTIVES
• Identify the basic
principles of electricity.
• Compute voltage, current
and resistance using ohms
law.
 Questions
what electricity can
produce?
 Electricity
Is an invisible force which can produce:
 HEAT
 LIGHT
 SOUND
 MOTION
 Electricity produces HEAT

As electricity runs
through the
filaments in a space
heater, the electrical
energy is converted
into heat (thermal
energy).
 Electricity produces LIGHT
The three main
categories of electric
lights
• incandescent lamps,
• gas-discharge lamps,
and
• LED lamps
 Electricity produces
SOUND

Electricity and
magnetism combine
to create sound in a
conventional
speaker
 Electricity produces
MOTION
• Spin a wire in a
magnetic field a current
is "induced" in the wire.
• Run a current through
the magnet increases
the strength of the
magnetic field
 Electricity can be broken down into:

 Electric Charge
 Voltage
 Current
 Resistance
 Negative & Positive Charges
- electron
- proton
- neutron
Electrically, all materials fall into
1 of 3 classifications:

Conductors
Insulators
Semi-Conductors

Classification of materials :
 Conductors
 Materials in which electrons can
move freely from atom to atom are
called conductors.
 Conductors
 In general all metals are good
conductors.
 The purpose of conductors is to
allow electrical current to flow with
minimum resistance.
 Insulators
 Insulators are used to prevent the flow of
electricity.
 Semi-Conductors
 Materials which are neither
conductors nor insulators
 Lets have a Test

Identify the Following if it is a: Conductor,

Insulator or Semi-Conductor
Conductor, Insulator or Semi-Conductor

Magnet Wire
Conductor, Insulator or Semi-Conductor

Wooden Handle
Conductor, Insulator or Semi-Conductor

Water
Conductor, Insulator or Semi-Conductor

Capacitor
Conductor, Insulator or Semi-Conductor

Integrated Circuit I.C.

Conductor, Insulator or Semi-Conductor

Composite line post

Conductor, Insulator or Semi-Conductor

gold
 VOLTAGE
 Potential refers to the possibility of doing
work.
 The symbol for potential difference is E
(for electromotive force)
 The practical unit of potential difference
is the volt (V)
 1 volt is a measure of the amount of
work required to move 1C of charge
Voltage = E = Electromotive Force
 CURRENT
 When a charge is forced to move
because of a potential difference
(voltage) current is produced.
 Current is charge in motion.
 The more electrons in motion the
greater the current.
Current = I = Intensity

Conductor
Current = I = Intensity
TYPES OF CURRENT FLOW
 DC
 Circuits that are powered by battery
sources are termed direct current
circuits.
 This is because the battery maintains
the same polarity of output voltage.
The plus and minus sides remain
constant.
 Characteristics of DC
 It is the flow of charges in just one
direction and...
 AC
 An alternating voltage source periodically
alternates or reverses in polarity.

 The resulting current, therefore,

periodically reverses in direction.
 AC
 The power outlet in your home is 60
cycle ac - meaning the voltage polarity
and current direction go through 60
cycles of reversal per second.
 All audio signals are AC also.
D.C. Current Flow

Direct Current

A.C.
Alternating Current
 Amperes
• Current indicates the intensity of the
electricity in motion. The symbol for
current is I (for intensity) and is
measured in amperes.
• The definition of current is: I = Q/T
• Where I is current in amperes, Q is
charge in coulombs, and T is time in
seconds.
 RESISTANCE
 Opposition to the flow of current is
termed resistance.
 The fact that a wire can become hot from
the flow of current is evidence of
resistance.
 Conductors have very little resistance.
 Insulators have large amounts of
resistance.
 RESISTANCE

Resistive material
 Ohms
 The practical unit of resistance is the
ohm designated by the Greek letter
omega: Ω
 A resistor is an electronic component
designed specifically to provide
resistance.
CIRCUITS
 CLOSED CIRCUITS
 In applications requiring the use of
current, electrical components are
arranged in the form of a circuit.
 A circuit is defined as a path for
current flow.
 Open Circuits
Open Circuit - a circuit with a
break in the conductive path, so
no current flows
Switch 1 Switch 2

Lamp 1 Lamp 2
 The Circuit is a Load on the
Voltage Source
 The circuit is where the energy of the
source (battery) is carried by means of
the current through the various
components.
 The battery is the source, since it
provides the potential energy to be used.
 The circuit components are the load
resistance - they determines how much
current the source will produce.
Source and Load
 Direction of Electron Flow
 The direction of electron flow in our
circuit is from the negative side of the
battery, through the load resistance, back
to the positive side of the battery.
Review Quiz
 Instruction

To be pass on a
1/4 sheet of pad paper. Write only
your answer.
 Question no. 1

• Anu- ano ang

kayang i-produce ng
Electricity.
1-4
 Question no. 2

• Ibigay ang apat na

characteristic o
katangian mayroon
ang isang kuryente
5-8
 Question no. 3

• Anu-ano ang
classification ng
mga materyales sa
paligid.
9 - 11
 Question no. 4

• Anu ang dalawang

charge ng kuryente
12 - 13
 Question no. 5

• Ibigay ang dalawang

klase ng current
flow ng kuryente.
14 - 15
Answers
Principle of Electricity
Basic Electronics
Electricity produce
• Light
• Heat
• Sound
• Motion
Characteristics Symbol Unit Symbol
Voltage E Volts V
Current I Ampere A or
Amps
Resistance R Ohms Ω
Power P Watt W
Electricity has
• Electrical Charge: Positive and
Negative
• Current Flow: AC or DC
 That’s All

Thank You!
Next Lesson

Ohms Law