Electricity

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Free Integrated QUIZ!
 Charges
Like charges repeal each other
Unlike charges attract each other
Charge is quantized
Q = ne
Q. Calculate the number of electrons constituting one
coulomb of charge.
Ans 6.25*10^18
ELECTRIC CURRENT AND CIRCUIT
Rate of flow of electric charges is called electric current

In an electric circuit the direction of electric current is taken as opposite

to the direction of the flow of electrons, which are negative charges.
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

Current = Charge/time
I = Q/t
The SI unit of current is Ampere (A)
 Potential Difference
It is the work done in moving unit charge from
one point to another

V = W/Q
SI Unit - Volt

What is 1 Volt?
The potential difference between two points is said to
be 1 volt if 1 joule of work is done in moving 1 coulomb
of electric charge from one point to another.
 Ohm's law
Ohm's Law states that electric current flowing in a conductor is directly
proportional to potential difference across the ends of the conductor,provided
temperature and other physical conditions remains constant.
 I∝ V
V=IR
R is a constant for the given metallic wire at a given
temperature and is called its resistance.
(a) How much current will an electric bulb
draw from a 220 V source, if the
resistance of the bulb filament is
1200 Ω?
Ans 0.18 A.
 Resistance
Resistance is a property of conductor due to which it resists the
flow of electric current through it

Resistance SI unit - ohm Ω

What is 1 Ω ?
1 Ohm is defined as the resistance of a conductor
with a potential difference of 1 volt applied to
the ends through which 1-ampere current flows.
What factors affect
resistance?
(Kin Kin se pareshaan hai bechara resistance)

Length Area
Length (R ∝ L) Area (R ∝ 1/A)
 R ∝L
R ∝1/A
R ∝L/A
R = ρ L/A
where ρ is the Resistivity or specific natural
resistance of a material.
RESISTANCE V/S
RESISTIVITY
RESISTANCE RESISTIVITY
Series and Parallel Resistance
 Series Resistance

Current in series combination remains the same

The Voltage (Potential Difference) gets distributed

The total or equivalent resistance is sum of individual resistance

V = V1 + V2 + V3
V = IR

V1 = IR1
V2 = IR2
V3 = IR3

IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3

R = R1 + R2 + R3
 Parallel Resistance

It is observed that the total current I, is equal to the sum of the

separate currents through each branch of the combination.

I = I1 + I2 + I3
V = IR
I = V/R
1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
Q. Find the current drawn from the battery
by the network of four resistors Shown in
the figure.
Heating Effects of Electric Current
Kinetic Energy (KE) gets converted
into Potential Energy (PE)

W=Vxq
W=VxIxt

On applying Ohm's Law V = IR

H = I Rt
2
Joule's Law of heating
Heat generated in a conductor is direclty
proportional to:

1. Square of the current flowing

2. Resistance
3. Time for which the current passes
2
H = I Rt
Practical Applications of Heating Effect
of Electric Current

Iron Bulb Heater

 POWER (SHAKTI)
Work done per unit time is called as Power
Power = Work / time
=W/t
= V I t /t
P= V I
2
If we take W = I Rt
2
P=IR
2
If we take W = V t / R
2
P=VR
THE SI UNIT OF ELECTRIC POWER IS
WATT (W).
The unit ‘watt’ is very small.

Therefore, in actual practice we use a much larger unit called ‘kilowatt’.

It is equal to 1000 watts.

Since electrical energy is the product of power and time, the unit of
electric energy is, therefore, watt hour (W h).

One watt hour is the energy consumed when 1 watt of power is used for
1 hour.

The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kW h), commonly
known as ‘unit’.