Passive Electronic

Components and Circuits

(Componente electronice si Circuite
Pasive)

1
 Syllabus
All class materials are available in electronic format on the MOODLE
platform:
• lectures (only romanian version)
• lecture presentation (microsoft PPT format)
• solved problem set
Part 1 = required for the semestrial test (midterm)
Lectures 0 ÷ 6.
• The Resistor.
• The Inductor.
• The Capacitor.

Part 2 = required for exam.

Lectures 7 ÷ 14.
• The behaviour of the real passive electronic components in AC regime.
• Passive electronic circuits in AC regime.

2
 Review
Introduction to electronic circuits

3
 1. The representation of an electronic circuit as a blackbox

electric power supply (sursă de

energie electrică)

power supply input

information processed
information information
information
(stimulus) input output
(response of
Electronic circuit the circuit to
xI the stimulus)

xO

4
 2. The representation of the information in electronic
circuits
The information is represented by means of the electrical quantities

Voltage [Volts] Current [Amperes]

electric current
A VA electric potential (potenţial electric)

- - -
+ - - - - -
vAB electric voltage positive negative
electric electric
potential electrical charge (electrons) potential
– sarcina electrică
conductor
B VB electric potential
dq
i
v AB  V A  VB dt
The current is generated only if the electrical charges
The electronic circuits have a common reference undergo an oriented movement;
level to represent the values of electric potential
called ground (masa circuitului) (denotes as GND); The oriented movement of the charges appears only in
VGND = 0[V]. the presence an electric field, or a difference of electric
potential between 2 separate points.
If 2 separate circuit points have equal values for the
electric potential, the voltage between these points is This requires the application of an electric energy5
always 0 volts. source to the electronic circuit.
 3. The operating regimes (regimuri de funcţionare) of the
electronic circuits
1. DC (Direct Current) regime: V DC voltage

• DC voltage = constant value during time

• DC current = constant value during time
time

2. Variable regime:
• variable voltage = variable value during time
• variable current = variable value during time

V AC voltage
AC (Alternating Current) regime
• AC voltage
• AC current 0
time

Transient voltage
V
Transient regime:
• short time voltage variation between 2 steady
values
• short time current variation between 2 steady time
transient
6
values regime
 4. The notation convention for DC electrical quantities
(mărimi de curent continuu = valoarea mărimii respective rămâne constantă în
timp)

• the electrical quantity is denoted with uppercase;

• the index is denoted with uppercase;

Examples:
• VA = DC voltage (tensiune continuă)
• IA = DC current (curent continuu).

VA IA
DC voltage DC current
6[V]
1[mA]

0 time 0 time

7
 5. Sinusoidal steady state regime
The electrical quantities have sinusoidal variations in time = sinusoidal waves = sinewave (forma de
unda sinusoidala).
The amplitude of the sinewave has a constant value during time.

AC value (componenta de curent

total value xA(t) peak value alternativ)
(componenta totală)

Xa amplitude
XA (amplitudine)

amplitude =
Xa
DC value average value (peak to
(componenta de peak) / 2
curent continuu)
peak value

-/2 0 /2  3/2 2 /2 3 7/2 4 t [rad]

X T

phase one wave cycle = period of the angular frequency

(faza ) wave (perioada); (pulsaţie);
UM = seconds UM = radians/second
The parameters of the total component:
• DC value
• amplitude (magnitude) AC params. 1 ω frequency = cycles per second;
f   UM = Hertz
8
• frequency (frecvenţă) T 2π
• phase
 6. The notation convention for electrical quantities in
variable regime

DC value: XA
• electrical quantity = uppercase;
• index = upperrcase.
AC value: xa analytical form of AC value
• electrical quantity = lowercase;
• index = lowercase.
xa ωt   X a  sinωt  φ X 

Amplitude: Xa
• electrical quantity = uppercase; x A  X a  e j  X
• index = lowercase.
Total value: xA phasorial form of the AC
value
• electrical quantity = lowercase;
• index = uppercase.

total value = DC value + AC value x A  X A  xa

analytical form of a sinusoidal quantity x A ωt   X A  X a  sinωt  φ X  9

 Circuit elements
1. Electric power (EP) supplies:
• independent EP supply: the generated electrical quantity has a value that does not
depends on any other physical quantity
• dependent EP supply: the value of the generated quantity depends on other physical
quantity
• voltage source: the generated electrical quantity is VOLTAGE
• current source: the generated electrical quantity is CURRENT
2. Electronic components:
• passive components:
• draw (consume) the electric energy of the circuit;
• examples: resistor (rezistorul), inductor (bobina), capacitor (condensatorul).
• active components:
• use pn junction;
• can amplify the electric energy of the electronic circuit;
• examples: bipolar junction transistors (tranzistoare bipolare), MOS transistors
(tranzistoare MOS), semiconductor diodes (diode semiconductoare).
10
 The structure of the electrical circuits
Closed loop (buclă / ochi de circuit): any continuous circuit path (conducting path)
which ends in the start junction (it contains successive circuit branches, starting and
ending in the same junction, without passing twice or more through any junction of the
loop, except the starting one).
independent
current source

capacitor resistor
independent
voltage source

inductor

Circuit branch (ramura de circuit): a

piece of a circuit, extending between 2
Junction or circuit node (nod de successive junctions (nodes)
circuit): the intersection point
between at least 3 circuit elements 11
 Electrical circuit laws

1. Ohm Law
2. Currents Law (teorema lui Kirkhhoff 1)
3. Voltage Law (teorema lui Kirkhhoff 2)

12
Ohm Law = any flow of the current through an electronic component
generates a voltage drop across the considered electronic component.

superior electric superior electric

potential potential
i + i +

R v R v

- inferior electric - inferior electric

potential potential

v  R i v  R  i
wherever current and voltage have
opposite signs, the relation comes
13
with a minus sign in front of it
Current Law or Junction Rule (teorema lui Kirkhhoff 1) = the sum of
the currents flowing (into/ out of) the same junction is always 0
amperes.

i1  i 2  i3  0
All terms involves in the equation of the Current Law have to be
currents!
14
Voltage Law or Loop Rule (teorema lui Kirkhhoff 2):
the sum of the voltage drops along a closed loop is always 0 volts.

15
 Resistive voltage divider

output
input

input voltage output voltage

GND
input output

16
Resistive current divider

input current
input

output current

output

17