Basic Concept

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Steady State Analysis: f = 50 Hz

• f = 50Hz ➔  = v/f = 3e8/50 = 6000km

6000 km

• Modelling with R, G, L and C

L
C/2 C/2

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Phasor/Vector Calculus

50 V
100
30°
86.6

Example:

Electrical Power System Essentials

Phasor/Vector Calculus
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
• 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = → Root Mean Square = effective value = term
√2
magnitude

• 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑖 = 5 2 cos 𝜔𝑡

• 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7.07 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Ι𝐼Ι = 5 𝐴

• cos 𝜃 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = 𝑅𝑒{𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃}

𝜔𝑡+300 0
• 𝑣 = 𝑅𝑒 2 100 𝑒 𝑗 = 𝑅𝑒{100𝑒 𝑗30 2 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 )}

𝜔𝑡+00 0
• 𝑖 = 𝑅𝑒 2 5 𝑒𝑗 = 𝑅𝑒{5𝑒 𝑗0 2 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 }
0
• 𝐼 = 5𝑒 𝑗0 = 5∠00 = 5 + 𝑗0 𝐴
0
• 𝑉 = 100𝑒 𝑗30 = 100∠300 = 86.6 + 𝑗50 V
 Phasor/Vector Calculus

Real/imaginairy part: Length/angle:

Addition/substraction Multiplication/division

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Balanced Three Phase System (1)

Vc Ic
• Voltages in the 3 phases have
the same amplitude, but differ
120 electrical degrees in phase Va

• Equal impedances in the 3 Ib Ia

phases
Vb

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Balanced Three Phase System (2)

Vc Ic

I n = I a + Ib + Ic = 0
0
Va
Ic
Ia
Ib Ia
Ib
Vb

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Balanced system ➔
Single Phase calculation

Vc Ic

120º

Va

Ib Ia

Vb 120º

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Line-to-Line Voltage

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Three Phase Complex Power

• 3 x 1-phase complex power

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Power (1)

P: Active power (average value viR)

Q: Reactive power (average value viX)

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Power (2)
How to calculate P and Q from the voltage and
current phasor ?

I*

 V
I
• Inductive load consumes reactive power (Q>0)
• Current lags the supply voltage
Positive

• Capacitive load generates reactive power (Q<0)

• Current leads the supply voltage
Negative

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Time  Phasor
Current in phase

U = IR

Current lagging

U = jLI

Current leading

I = jCU

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Power (3)

S Complex power VA

|S| Apparent power VA

P Active power W
Average power

Q Reactive power var

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Series / Parallel

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Network Elements

Element Time domain Phasor domain

Resistance v = iR V = IR
Reactor v = L (di/dt) V = jLI = jXI
Capacitor i = C (dv/dt) I = jCV = jBV

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Power Factor

Power factor ➔ That part of the apparent power that is related to

the mean energy flow

Electrical Power System Essentials

 System Voltage Levels

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Per-Unit Normalization

• 156150 V  1.041 pu (150000 V = 1 pu)

• Advantageous to calculating with percentages
• 100% * 100% = 10000/100 = 100%
• 1 pu * 1 pu = 1 pu
• Define 2 base quantities ➔ Example:

Base quantity Value

Voltage

(apparent) Power

Current

Impedance

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Power System Structure

Electrical Power System Essentials

Example 1

A 50 kW inductive load is operated at a lagging power factor of 0.8.

The supply voltage is 220 V at 60 Hz. Determine the size of the
required parallel capacitor to improve the overall power factor

Solution: The real power delivered to the inductive load is 50 kW

and the power factor is 0.8. Then, the reactive power absorbed by
the inductive load Q1 is determined by

50
0.8 = → 𝑄1 = 37.5 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑟
502 + 𝑄12

After the parallel capacitor is connected to the inductive load, the

power factor is improved to 0.95 and the total absorbed reactive
power is reduced.
Therefore:
50
0.95 = → 𝑄 = 16.434 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑟
502 + 𝑄2

The reactive power absorbed the capacitor then is

𝑄2 = 𝑄 − 𝑄1 = −21.066 𝑘𝑉𝐴𝑟

Since Q2 is negative, it implies that the capacitor supplies 21.066

kVAr of reactive power. The capacitance then can be calculated by

𝑉2 2202
𝑄2 = = 1 → 𝐶 = 1.1545 𝑚𝐹
𝑋𝐶
2𝜋×60×𝐶