Electric Circuits

EEPx82
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Course Contents

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Team of Electric Circuits and machines(EEP x82)

• Join Code: dlu7lop

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 Introduction to Electric circuits

DC circuits
• Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff's laws
• Simple resistive circuit analysis
Outlines • Analysis techniques
• Circuit theorems
Single phase AC circuits

Three phase AC circuits

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Text Books

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Chapter 1:Basic
Concepts

1.1 Systems of Units.

1.2 Electric Charge.
1.3 Current.
1.4 Voltage.
1.5 Power and Energy.
1.6 Circuit Elements.

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 A Basic Circuit
All electric circuits have three main parts

1. A source of energy
2. A closed path
3. A device which uses the energy

If ANY part of the circuit is open the device will not work!
 1.1 System of Units (1)
Six basic units
Quantity Basic unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic kelvin K
temperature
Luminous intensity candela cd
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 1.1 System of Units (2)
The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory

Decimal multiples and

submultiples of SI units 9
 1.2 Electric Charges

• Charge is an electrical property of the atomic

particles of which matter consists, measured in
coulombs (C).

• The charge e on one electron is negative and

equal in magnitude to 1.602  10-19 C which is
called as electronic charge. The charges that
occur in nature are integral multiples of the
electronic charge.

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 Current
• Electric current: It is the rate of flow of charges.
• Electric current i = dq/dt. The current unit is
Ampere (A)
• The unit of ampere can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s.
• Conventional Current: Current flow from the
positive terminal of a battery. It is opposite to
electron current.

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 Types of Current
DC = Direct Current - current flows in one direction
Example: Battery

AC = Alternating Current- current reverses direction many times

per second.
 1.4 Voltage (1)
• Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy
required to move a unit charge through an
element, measured in volts (V).

• Mathematically, (volt)
vab = dw / dq
– w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).

• Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit

element or between two points in a circuit.
– vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential
of b.
– vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential
of b. 13
 Power
Power: it’s an indication of how much work (the
conversion of energy from one form to another)
can be accomplished in a specified amount of
time, that is, a rate of doing work.

1horsepower (hp)  746 (W)

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Electric Power

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 Electric Power

Power absorbed (dissipated) by a resistor

I + V _ V2
R P = VI = = I 2R
R

I + _
Absorbed power
E
Battery power: P = EI
_ I
Supplied +
power E
delivered
power
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 Electric Power
Passive sign convention
P = +vi p = –vi
absorbing power supplying power

p=0
Σ Generated Power= Σ Consumed power
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 1.5 Power and Energy (2)
• The law of conservation of energy

p=0
• Energy is the capacity to do work, measured
in joules (J).
t t
• Mathematical expression w =  pdt =  vidt
t0 t0

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EXAMPLE
 Electrical Energy
• Electric energy is measured in Wattseconds
(W.s) or joules (J)
•Electric energy is also measured in Watthour
(Wh) or kilowatthour (kWh).

Energy (Ws  J) = power(W)  time (s)

power(W) time (h)

Energy (kWh) =
1000

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1.6 Circuit Elements (1)
Active Elements Passive Elements

• A dependent source is an active

element in which the source quantity
is controlled by another voltage or
current.

• They have four different types: VCVS,

CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the
Independent Dependant signs of dependent sources.
sources sources 21
 DC Circuit Elements
Electric Resistance

• Resistance is the capacity of the material to resist

the flow of electric current.
• Some materials have low resistance like copper
and aluminum, others have very high resistance
like wood and plastic. The unit of the resistance is
ohm (Ω).

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DC Circuit Elements
Electric Resistance
• Resistors vary from low power resistors to high power resistors.
• The low power resistors are shown in below figure. It is clear that its
size is very small, therefore, it is not convenient to write the value of
the resistance. Alternatively, the value of the resistance is written
using color code.

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DC Circuit Elements:
Independent Sources
• Independent sources do not depend on any
quantity in the circuit.

• Voltage source
This source provides constant voltage.

• Current source
This source provides constant current.

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 DC Voltage Sources
V

A dc voltage source provides ideally a fixed terminal voltage,

even though the current demand from the electrical/electronic
system may vary.

Voltage
12V

Increasing current or time

0 I or t
Ideal voltage source
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 Fixed DC Supplies

DC Voltage Sources: - +
E

• Batteries (chemical action)

• Generators (electromechanical)

• Power Supplies (rectification)

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 DC Current Sources

I
A dc current source will supply, ideally, a fixed current to an
electrical/electronic systems, even though there may be
variations in the terminal voltage as determined by the
system.
Current
10mA

Increasing voltage or time

0 V or t
Ideal current source
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DC Circuit Elements:
Dependent Sources

• Dependent sources output is not constant. They depend on other

quantities in the circuit such as a current in a branch or a voltage
difference across another element.
• Dependent source can’t be found alone in the circuit. They should be
accompanied with independent source (s).

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Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff's laws

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 Ohm’s Law

• The current in a resistive circuit is directly

proportional to its applied voltage and inversely
proportional to its resistance.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉)
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 =
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑅)
𝑉
𝐼= (𝐴𝑚𝑝, 𝑜𝑟 𝐴)
𝑅

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 Ohm’s Law

• Polarity of Voltage and direction of Current

• Flow of current is close to flow of water in pipes.
• In passive elements (resistors), the current
moves from the high potential to low potential.
• In active elements (sources), the current takes
the shown directions in case of discharging.

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Discharge
 DC Power

•Resistor power:
• The power dissipated by any resistor can be calculated by many methods.

𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 (𝑾)

• According to ohm’s law V=IR; therefore,

𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 (𝑾)
𝑽𝟐
𝑷= (𝑾)
𝑹

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Example
a. Calculate the voltage 𝒗𝒂 .

b. Determine the dissipated power in the resistor

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Example

𝑉𝑔 1000
•𝑅 = = 5×10−3=0.2 MΩ
𝑖𝑔
• 𝑃 = 𝑖 𝑔2 𝑅=(5 × 10−3 )2× 0.2× 106 =5 W

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Example

• If Vg=50V, and R=4.7 kΩ, find the circuit current.

Vg 50
• ig = = =10.64 mA
R 4.7×103

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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

•Kirchhoff's Current law (KCL)

(KCL) states that the algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving an
area, system, or junction is zero.

In other words

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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

•Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum

of the potential rises and drops around a closed loop (or
path) is zero.

v1-v2-v3+v4-v5=0

• In other words

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Example

Find the Unknown voltage

Apply KVL for circuit 1

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E1-V1-4.2-E2=0
16-V1-4.2-9=0
V1=16-4.2-9=2.8 V

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Example.
Use KVL, KCL and Ohm’s law to find the current io. Is the generated
power equal the consumed power?
• Solution
Apply KCL at node b:
io+6=i1;therefore,
i1-io-6=0 (1)
Apply KVL on LHS loop
120-vo-v1=0; ;therefore,
120-10io-50i1=0 (2)
solving equations (1) and(2), we get
Io=-3 A , i1=3 A
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• The power associated with 120 voltage source is:

𝑷𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟑 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝑾 Absorbed

• Power associated with 6 A current source is:

𝑷𝟔𝑨 = 𝟔 𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝑾 Delivered

Check: is the generated power=the consumed power?

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Example.
Find the value of R.
• Solution
Ohm’s law:
i1=120/24=5 A
KVL on the RHS loop:
120-8i2=0
+ -
i2=120/8=15 A 1

KCL at node 1 i1 i
is +2
Is=i1+i2=5+15=20 A
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KVL on the LHS loop:
200-Ris-120=0
R=80/is=80/20=4 Ω

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