Electrical Units and Definitions

Lecture #1

Anawach Sangswang
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
KMUTT
Electrical Power Systems
Hydro

Gas
 Generations
 Transmissions
Coal
 Distributions
Nuclear

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Introduction
 An electric circuit is an interconnection of
electrical elements
 A simple electric circuit

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Systems of Units
 International System of Units (SI): General
Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960

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5
Powers of Ten
 Notation

 Determination of the power

 Fixed point
 Floating point

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Powers of Ten
 Scientific notation

 Engineering notation

 Prefixes

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Symbols and Meanings

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Charge
 Charge is an electrical property
of the atomic particles of which
matter consists, measured in Hydrogen

coulombs (C).
 The charge e on one
electron is negative
and equal in magnitude
to 1.602 × 10-19 C
Helium

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Charge
 Copper

The free electron is the charge carrier in a copper wire

or any other solid conductor of electricity
 1 inch3 of Cu @room temperature contains
1.4x1024 free electrons
 Other metals that exhibit the similar properties
are silver, gold, aluminum, and tungsten
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Separation of Free Electron
 Every source of voltage is established by
simply creating a separation of positive and
negative charges

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Charge
 Random motion of free electrons

 With no external forces applied, the net flow

of charge in a conductor in any one direction
is zero.
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Current
 Electric current i ≜ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 The unit of ampere is 1 A = 1C/s
 Example: A conductor has a
constant current of 5 A.
How many electrons i

pass a fixed point on

the conductor in
one minute?

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Example
 Total no. of charges pass in 1 min is given by
5 A = (5 C/s)(60 s/min) = 300 C/min
Total no. of electronics pass in 1 min is given
300 C/min
−19
= 1 .87 x10 21
electrons/min
1.602 x10 C/electron

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Example
 The total charge entering a terminal is given
by q = 5t sin4πt mC. Calculate the current at
t = 0.5 s
 i = dq/dt = d(5t sin4πt)/dt
= 5sin4πt + 20πt cos4πt mA
 At t = 0.5: i = 5 sin2π + 10π cos2π = 0 + 10 π
= 31.42 mA

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DC vs. AC
 A direct current (dc) is a current that remains
constant with time.
 An alternating current (ac) is a current that
varies sinusoidally with time. (reverse
direction)

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Voltage
 Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy
required to move a unit charge through an
element, measured in volts (V).
 A potential difference of 1 volt (V) exists
between two points if 1 joule (J) of energy is
exchanged in moving 1 coulomb (C) of charge
between the two points.

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Voltage
 Defining the voltage between 2 points

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Voltage
 Mathematically, 𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ≜ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑�𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (volt)
 w is energy in joules (J)
 q is charge in coulomb (C).
 Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit
element or between two points in a circuit.
 vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher
than potential of b.
 vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower
than potential of b.
vab = −vba
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Power and Energy
 Power is the time rate of expending or
absorbing energy, measured in watts (W)
 Mathematical expression: 𝑝𝑝 ≜ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
dw dw dq
p= = ⋅ = vi
dt dq dt

p= v ⋅ i

 Absorb: p = +vi (vi > 0)

 Supply: p = -vi (vi < 0)

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21
Power and Energy
 The law of conservation of energy
∑p=0
 Energy is the capacity to do work, measured
in joules (J)
t t
 Mathematical expression: w = ∫t pdt = ∫t vidt
0 0
 Example: How much energy does a 100W
electric bulb consume in 2 hours?
w = pt = 100 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 60 = 720, 000 J = 720kJ
or
w = pt = 100 ⋅ 2 = 200 Wh
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Circuit Elements
 Voltage source

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Circuit Elements
Active Elements Passive Elements

•A dependent source is an active

element in which the source
quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.
Independent Dependent
sources sources •There are four different types:
VCVS, CCVS, VCCS, CCCS
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Circuit Elements
 Example: Obtain the voltage v for i2 = 1A

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Circuit Elements
 Example: Calculate the power at each element

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