Topic: Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

1. Basics of Electricity:

1. Electric Charge:
 Fundamental property of matter. Exists in positive and negative forms.
 Unit: Coulomb (C).
2. Voltage (Potential Difference):
 The energy per unit charge required to move electric charges between two
points.
 Unit: Volt (V).
3. Current:
 Rate of flow of electric charge.
 Unit: Ampere (A).

2. Ohm's Law:

 Describes the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.

 �=��V=IR, where �V is voltage, �I is current, and �R is resistance.

3. Resistors:

1. Types of Resistors:
 Fixed Resistors: Have a specific resistance value.
 Variable Resistors: Resistance can be adjusted manually.
2. Series and Parallel Resistors:
 Series: Total resistance (�totalRtotal) is the sum of individual resistances.
 Parallel: Inverse of total resistance (1�totalRtotal1) is the sum of inverses of
individual resistances.

4. Capacitors:

1. Capacitance:
 Ability of a system to store electric charge.
 Unit: Farad (F).
2. Charging and Discharging:
 Charging: Capacitor stores energy as it charges.
 Discharging: Capacitor releases stored energy as it discharges.
5. Inductors:

1. Inductance:
 Property of a circuit element to oppose changes in current.
 Unit: Henry (H).
2. Inductive Reactance:
 Opposition to the flow of alternating current through an inductor.

6. Circuit Analysis Techniques:

1. Kirchhoff's Laws:
 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of voltages around any closed loop
in a circuit is zero.
 Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL): The sum of currents entering a node is equal
to the sum of currents leaving the node.
2. Mesh Analysis and Nodal Analysis:
 Techniques for analyzing complex circuits using KVL and KCL.

7. Power in Electrical Circuits:

1. Active, Reactive, and Apparent Power:

 Active Power (P): Power consumed by resistive loads.
 Reactive Power (Q): Power associated with inductive or capacitive loads.
 Apparent Power (S): Combination of active and reactive power.

8. Semiconductor Devices:

1. Diodes:
 Semiconductor devices that allow current to flow in one direction only.
 Applications: Rectification, signal demodulation, voltage regulation.
2. Transistors:
 Semiconductor devices used for amplification, switching, and signal
modulation.

Applications:

1. Power Systems:
 Design and analysis of electrical grids, generators, and transmission lines.
2. Electronics:
 Design of integrated circuits, digital systems, and communication devices.
Example Problems:

1. Calculate the current flowing through a 10 ohm resistor connected to a 12 V

battery.
 Using Ohm's Law: �=��=12 V10 Ω=1.2 AI=RV=10Ω12V=1.2A.
2. Determine the total resistance of three resistors connected in series with values 4
ohms, 6 ohms, and 8 ohms.
 �total=�1+�2+�3=4 Ω+6 Ω+8 Ω=18 ΩRtotal=R1+R2+R3
=4Ω+6Ω+8Ω=18Ω.

Homework:

 Solve circuit analysis problems using Ohm's Law, KVL, and KCL.
 Research applications of electrical engineering in renewable energy, power
electronics, and telecommunications.