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Learning outcomes
• explain the behaviour of DC circuits using concepts of EMF,
internal resistance of power sources and potential dividers
• give a microscopic description of resistance in a wire
• define and use concepts of resistivity and conductance
• state Kirchhoff’s laws and use them to analyse DC circuits
• define capacitance and solve DC circuit problems involving
capacitors, including energy stored
• carry out related practical work (using voltmeter, ammeter,
multimeter, micrometer)
Teaching challenges
It is always advisable to revisit concepts introduced at
KS3 and GCSE level, to identify misconceptions
about electricity and (try to) correct them.
In pairs:
Make a spidergram showing key concepts related to
electric circuits, and relationships between them.
EMF and potential difference
A-level: A battery maintains an electric field through the circuit.
This enables it to do work on charges wherever there is a
potential difference e.g. in a filament.
Resistors in parallel
I = I1 + I2 [conservation of charge]
V/R = V/R1 + V/R2
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 R is always smaller than any of R1, R2 etc
Potential dividers
V1 IR1 R1
V2 IR2 R2
Useful for constructing sensors
In pairs, sketch
• a dark sensor
• a heat sensor
• a cold sensor
Real power supplies
Demonstrations:
• 12V DC supply lighting more and more lamps in parallel
I 0.0016C 1.6 mA
1s
Demonstration: Conduction by ‘coloured’ ions
Drift velocity
Note:
• conductance is the reciprocal of resistance
• conductivity, [unit S m-1] is the reciprocal of resistivity
Capacitance
• a measure of how much charge a
capacitor can separate at a given p.d.
• unit of capacitance: farad (symbol F)
charge
capacitance
p.d.
Q 1 1
C Energy stored, W QV CV 2
V 2 2
demonstration super-capacitor
Note: There are rules for adding capacitors in networks.
Lab practicals
• internal resistance of a potato cell
• resistivity of a wire (using micrometer)
• charging and discharging a capacitor
Kirchhoff’s 1st law
The total current
entering a circuit
junction equals the
total current
leaving it.
[conservation of charge]
Kirchhoff’s 2nd law
The sum of the emfs round a loop in any circuit
= the sum of the p.d.s round the loop.
[conservation of energy]