Introduction to Basic

Components and Electric

Circuits
Lec. Hamza Asif (hamza.asif@smme.nust.edu.pk)
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
National University of Sciences and Technology

EE-103 Electrical Engineering

Text Books
• Electric Circuits by James W. Nilsson and Susan A. Riedel
• Electric Circuits Fundamentals by Franco
Grading Policy for Taught Part of EE-103
• Assignments 10%
• Project 10%
• Quizzes 10%
• 2 x OHTs 30%
• Finals 40%
A Brief History
• In 1600, William Gilbert called the property of attracting
particles after being rubbed “electricus”.
• 1800 – voltaic pile developed by Alessandro Volta, a
precursor to the battery
• 1831 – Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic
induction
• 1873 – Electricity and Magnetism published by James
Maxwell, describing a theory for electromagnetism
• 1888 – Heinrich Hertz transmits and receives radio signals
• 1941 – Konrad Zuse introduces the first ever
programmable computer
• 1947 – invention of transistor
• 1958 – integrated circuit developed by Jack Kilby
• 1968 – first microprocessor is developed
Fields of Study
• Power:
• Creation, storage, and distribution of electricity
• Control:
• Design of dynamic systems and controllers for the
systems
• Electronics/Microelectronics:
• Design of integrated circuits, microprocessors, etc.
• Signal Processing:
• Analysis of signals
• Telecommunications:
• Design of transmission systems (voice, data)
• Computer:
• Design and development of computer systems
• Instrumentation:
• Design of sensors and data acquisition equipment
Units of Measurement
• The metric system was originally
established in France in 1795.
• The International System of Units
(abbreviated SI after the French name,
Le Systeme International d’Unites) is a
revised version of the metric system.
• The SI was adopted by international
agreement in 1960.
• The SI system has seven SI base units
Metric Prefixes
• Some prefixes we shall be using and their common symbols:
The Scientific Notation
• Very large and very small numbers are represented with scientific
Notation.
• In scientific notation, a quantity is expressed as a product of a
number between 1 and 10 and a power of ten (10x).
• For Example
• 47,000,0.0 = 4.7 x 105
• 0.00022 = 2.2 x 10-4
Examples
• Question: In a certain digital integrated circuit, a logic gate switches from
the on state to off state in 1 ns. This corresponds to what value in Pico
seconds (ps)?
• Answer: 1000 ps
• Question: Add 2 x 106 and 5 x 107 and express the result in scientific
notation?
• Answer:
• Express both numbers in the same power of ten 2 x 106 and 50 x 106
• Add 2 + 50 = 52
• Sum: 52 x 106
• ≃5.2 x 107
Examples
• Question: Convert 5000 nanoamperes to microampere?
• Answer: 5000 nA= 5000 x 10-9
• = 5 x 103 x 10-9
• = 5μ A
• Question: Convert 0.00022 microfarad to picofarads ?
• Answer: 0.00022μF= 0.00022 x 10-6
• = 220 x 10-6 x 10-6
• = 220 pF
• Question: Add 15mA and 8000 μA and express the sum in milliamperes.
• Answer: 15 x 10-3 + 8000 x 10-6
• = 15 x 10-3 + 8 x 10-3
• = 23 mA
Electricity!
• Electrical Engineering is the study of electricity along with its
numerous applications.
• Ok, then what is electricity?
• Presence and Flow of charges
• Type of Energy
• Natural Phenomenon
Charged Particles
• Recall from high school physics what are electrons and protons.
• Electrons are negatively charged
• Protons are positively charged
• Electrons have a charge of -1.602x10-19C
• Protons have a charge of +1.602x10-19C
• Where C is a unit of Electric Charge. In a cyclic manner a coulomb is
defined as:
• 1 coulomb = 6.25x1018e
• Where e is elementary charge or the charge of a proton
Voltage
• In metals, there is a sea of electrons that are jointly shared by all the
protons in something called a metallic bond.
• Normally, these electrons just move about randomly so at any given
instant we almost have no place in the entire metal where the
electrons are concentrated.
• In short: no free electrons.
• But what if you were to force one region to have more electrons than
another?
• “The amount of free electrons in a material governs the electric
potential or voltage of a material”
Flow of Charged Particles
• Remember that oppositely charged particles attract, similarly charged
ones repel.
• What happens when we add extra electrons to one side of the
conductor?
• They flow from a region of higher potential (where they are more
concentrated) to a region of low potential (where they are sparse)
• In drawing an analogy, in physics what happens when we allow a
connection between regions of higher potential and regions of lower
potential?
• Heat Flow?
• Fluid Flow?
Current
• “The flow of charges is called
electric current or simply
current”
• This can be represented as
follows:
• i = dq/dt
Do these two diagrams represent the same current?
• The units of current are
amperes (A)
• One Ampere is one coulomb
per second
(a) And (b) are incomplete, improper and incorrect
ways to represent current (c) is the correct method
Conventional Current
• Conventional Current is always taken from
positive potential to negative potential (despite
the fact the current is the flow of electrons
bearing negative charge)
• Question: In the wire below, electrons are
moving left to right to create a current of 1mA.
Determine I1and I2.
• Answer: I1 = -1 mA, I2 = +1 mA
Voltage
• Voltage drives current between two
points
• The unit of voltage is volt (V).
• One volt is one joule per coulomb.
• Given what we know about
conventional current, What will be the
direction of current flowing through
the box in the figure?
• (a, b) These are inadequate definitions • (a, b) Terminal B is 5 V positive with
29 of a voltage. (c) A correct definition respect to terminal A; (c,d) terminal A is 5
includes both a symbol for the variable V positive with respect to terminal B.
and a plus-minus symbol pair.
Example
• Question: For the element in figure below,
if V1= 17V. Determine V2.
• Answer:
• V2= -17V
Guide to solving EE-103 Problems