GENERAL PHYSICS 2

I. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Essential Question
What is the world without electricity?
ORIGIN OF ELECTRICITY
 In about 600 BC, the Ancient Greeks discovered that
rubbing fur on amber (fossilized tree resin) caused an
attraction between the two – and so what the Greeks
discovered was actually static electricity.
 Similar devices were found in archaeological digs
near Baghdad meaning ancient Persians may
have also used an early form of batteries.
William Gilbert
 English physician
 used the Latin word “electricus” to
describe the force that certain
substances exert when rubbed
against each other.
Thomas Browne
 used the word
“electricity” to describe
his investigations based
on Gilbert’s work.
In 1752
Ben Franklin
 conducted his
experiment with a kite,
a key, and a storm
Alessandro Volta
 Italian physicist
 discovered that particular chemical
reactions could produce electricity
 in 1800 he constructed the voltaic pile
(an early electric battery) that
produced a steady electric current.
In 1831
Michael Faraday
 created the electric dynamo (a crude
power generator)

Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan

 invented the incandescent filament
light bulb in their respective countries
in about 1878.
Nikola Tesla
 Serbian American
engineer, inventor, and
all around electrical
wizard
 is well known for his
work with alternating
current (AC), AC motors,
and the polyphase
distribution system.
ELECTRIC FORCES AND
ELECTRIC FIELDS
The electrical nature of matter is
inherent in atomic structure.

The charges on the proton, the

electron, and the neutron are,
respectively, +e, -e, and 0, where

and C is “Coulombs”
In nature, atoms are normally
found with equal numbers of
protons and electrons, so they
are electrically neutral.

Adding N electrons to an object

gives it a negative charge of
q = - Ne

Removing N electrons from an

object gives it a positive charge
of:
q = +Ne
Example 1 A Lot of Electrons

How many electrons are there in one coulomb of negative charge?

q = - Ne

-
-
A brass key has a net positive charge of 1.92 x 10 -16 C.
Approximately how many electrons must be added to the key to
make it electrically neutral?

a.) 770

b.) 960

c.) 1200

d.) 1800

e.) 2100
1. A comb rubbed with the hair several times
acquires a net charge of -0.96 C. Did the
comb gain or lose electrons? How many
electrons were transferred?

2. What is the charge of 1.35 x 1017 electrons?

Charged Objects and the Electric Force

It is possible to transfer electric charge from one object to another.

The body that loses electrons has an excess of positive charge, while
the body that gains electrons has an excess of negative charge.
Charged Objects and the Electric Force

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE

During any process, the net electric charge of an isolated system
remains constant (is conserved).
Charged Objects and the Electric Force

Like charges repel and unlike

charges attract each other.
Conductors and Insulators

Not only can electric charge exist on an object, but it can also move
through and object.

Substances that readily conduct electric charge are called electrical

conductors.
Materials that conduct electric charge poorly are called electrical
insulators.
Charging by contact and by induction

Charging by contact is the process of giving a metal object a net electric charge by
placing it in contact with a charged object. After this process is complete, the
charges on the objects have the same sign.
Charging by contact and by induction

Charging by induction is the process of giving a metal object a net electric charge
by placing it near a charged object, and by temporarily grounding the opposite
side of the metal object. After this process is complete, the charges on the objects
have opposite signs.
Charging by contact and by induction

The negatively charged rod induces a slight positive surface charge

on an insulator, which leads to a net attraction. This is responsible for
“static cling”
Coulomb’s Law

q1q2
F k 2
r
K= 9.0x109 N∙m2/C2 = Coulomb force constant
q1 = charge 1 (C)
q2 = charge 2 (C)
r = the distance between the charges (m)
Example 1 Three Charges on a Line

Determine the magnitude and direction of the net force on q1.

Two point charges are 5.0 m apart. If the
charges are 0.020 C and 0.030 C, what is the
force between them and is it attractive or
repulsive?
What is the magnitude of the force between a
charge of 2.35µC and another with a charge of
1.25 x 10-4 C separated by 25.0 cm? Is it
attractive or repulsive?
Three point charges are fixed in place in a right
triangle. What is the electric force on -0.60 µC
charge due to the other two charges?
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Electric Current

Current: flow of charge (electrons)

within a conductor or how fast charge is
moving.
o Charge will only flow if there is a voltage
source (potential difference).
Symbol for Current = I
Unit for Current = Amps (A)
André Ampère
(1775 – 1836)
• French physicist and
mathematician.
• One of the main
discoverers of
electromagnetism.
• SI unit of measurement of
electric current, the
ampere, is named after
him.
Voltage

Voltage: the charge (electron)

“pusher.” Voltage causes current to
flow/move.
Voltage sources: Battery, Generator , Outlets
Symbol for voltage = V
Unit for voltage = Volts (V)
Alessandro Volta
(1745 – 1827)
• Italian physicist
• known especially for
the invention of the
electrochemical cell,
aka the battery in
1800.
Voltage at Home

• Power utilities use large generators to

provide the 220V that is delivered to
your home outlets.
• When you plug in something to the
outlet (lamp, blow dryer, TV, etc) the
voltage is applied across the circuit,
allowing the charge to flow (electric
current).
Resistance

Resistance: opposes the push from

the voltage source. Resistance affects
the speed of the current.
Symbol for Resistance = R
Unit for Resistance = Ohms (Ώ)
Georg Ohm
(1789 – 1854)
• German physicist
• Ohm determined that there
is a direct proportionality
between the voltage applied
across a conductor and the
electric current.
• This relationship is known as
Ohm's law.
Voltage and Current

• If the voltage in a circuit increases,

the current will increase.
• If the voltage in a circuit
decreases, the current will
decrease.
• This is a directly proportional
relationship.
Resistance and Current

• If the resistance in a circuit increases,

the current will decrease.
• If the resistance in a circuit decreases,
the current will increase.
• This is an inversely proportional
relationship.
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law

• defines the relationship between voltage,

current and resistance.
• foundation of electronics and electricity.
• Ohm established in the late 1820’s that if a
voltage was applied to a resistance then
“current would flow and then power would
be consumed”.
Recitation:

Give some practical every

day examples of the basic
Ohm’s Law
Review!
Quiz
½ crosswise
1. calculate the amount of current (I) in a circuit,
given values of voltage (E) and resistance (R):
2. calculate the amount of resistance (R) in a circuit,
given values of voltage (E) and current (I):
3. calculate the amount of voltage supplied by a
battery, given values of current (I) and resistance (R):
4-5. Give at least 2 practical every
day examples of the basic Ohm’s
Law
6. Who is the unit of resistance named
after?
7. Who is the unit of current named
after?
8. Who is the unit of voltage named
after?
9. Discuss the relationship b/w
current and voltage

10. Discuss the relationship b/w

resistance and current
Assignment:

1. What are the multiple

and submultiple units of
Voltage, Current and
Resistance?
2. Solve:

• How much is the current, I, in a 470-

kΩ resistor if its voltage is 23.5 V?

• How much voltage will be dropped

across a 40 kΩ resistance whose
current is 250 µA?
Multiple and Submultiple
Units
Units of Voltage
• The basic unit of voltage is the volt (V).
o Multiple units of voltage are:
 kilovolt (kV)
1 thousand volts or 103 V
 megavolt (MV)
1 million volts or 106 V
o Submultiple units of voltage are:
 millivolt (mV)
1-thousandth of a volt or 10-3 V
 microvolt (μV)
1-millionth of a volt or 10-6 V
Units of Current
• The basic unit of current is the ampere (A)
o Submultiple units of current are:
 milliampere (mA)
1-thousandth of an ampere or 10-3 A
 microampere (μA)
1-millionth of an ampere or 10-6 A
Units of Resistance
• The basic unit of resistance is the Ohm (Ω)
o Multiple units of resistance are:
 kilohm (kΩ)
1 thousand ohms or 103 Ω
 Megohm (MΩ)
1 million ohms or 106 Ω
ENGINEERING NOTATION CHART
CONVERSION FACTORS
 To convert a number "to" engineering notation
Divide the number by the conversion factor for desired prefix

Convert 5860 Hz to kHz

Kilo = 1,000 or 103

Use Calculator to Convert

 To convert a number "to" engineering notation
Divide the number by the conversion factor for desired prefix

Convert 84,450,000 W to MW
mega = 1,000,000 or 106
 

Use Calculator to Convert

 To convert a number "to" engineering notation
Divide the number by the conversion factor for desired prefix

Convert 0.00346 A to mA
milli = 0.001 or 10-3
 

Use Calculator to Convert

 
 To convert a number "from" engineering notation
Multiply the number by the conversion factor indicated

Convert 5.86 kHz to Hz

Kilo = 1,000 or 103

5.860 kHz = 5860 Hz

Use Calculator to Convert

Hz
 To convert a number "from" engineering notation
Multiply the number by the conversion factor indicated

Convert 84.45 MW to W
mega = 1,000,000 or 106

84.5 MW x 1,000,000 = 84,450,000 W

84.5 MW = 84,450,000 W

Use Calculator to Convert

(84.5) MW (x) (6) (10X ) (=) 84,450,000 W
 To convert a number "from" engineering notation
Multiply the number by the conversion factor indicated

Convert 3.46 mA to A
milli = 0.001 or 10-3

3.45 mA x 0.001 = .00346 A

3.45 mA= .00346 A

Use Calculator to Convert

(3.45) mA (x) (-3) (10X ) (=) .00346 A
Engineering Notation

Check Your Understanding

• Complete the following
- 0.750 A = ________________ mA
- 0.20 mA = ________________ A
- 1,550 W = ________________ kW
- 330 kV = ________________ V
- 112 μF = ________________ F
- 12,550,000 Ω = _________________ M Ω
- 0.000000456 F = _________________ nF
- 222 kΩ = _________________ Ω

77
Engineering Notation

Check Your Understanding

• Complete the following
- 0.750 A ÷ .001
= ________________ mA 750
- 0.20 mA x .001
= ________________ 0.0002
A
- 1,550 W ÷ 1,000
= ________________ kW 1.55
- 330 kV x 1,000
= ________________ V 330,000
- 112 μF x .000,000 F0.000,112
= ________________
- 12,550,000 Ω = _________________
÷ 1,000,000 12.55
M Ω
÷ .000,000,001
- 0.000000456 F = _________________ 456nF
- 222 kΩ x 1,000
= _________________ Ω222,000

78
Assignment:

1. Define electric power

2. What are the multiple and
submultiple units of power?
3. Bring an electric power bill
4. Solve:

• How much is the output voltage of a

power supply if it supplies 75 W of power
while delivering a current of 5 A?

• How much does it cost to light a 300-W

light bulb for 30 days if the cost of the
electricity is 7¢/kWh.
Electric Power
Electric Power
• The basic unit of power is the watt (W).
o Multiple units of power are:
 kilowatt (kW):
1000 watts or 103 W
 megawatt (MW):
1 million watts or 106 W
o Submultiple units of power are:
 milliwatt (mW):
1-thousandth of a watt or 10-3 W
 microwatt (μW):
1-millionth of a watt or 10-6 W
Electric Power
• Work and energy are basically the same,
with identical units.
• Work and energy are basically the same, with
identical units.
o Power = work / time.
o Work = power × time.
Electric Power
• Practical Units of Power and Work:
o The rate at which work is done (power) equals the
product of voltage and current. This is derived as
follows:
o First, recall that:

1 joule 1 coulomb
1 volt = and 1 ampere =
1 coulomb 1 second
 1 joule 1 coulomb 1 joule
Power (1 watt) = × =
1 coulomb 1 second 1 second
Electric Power
• Kilowatt Hours
o The kilowatt hour (kWh) is a unit commonly
used for large amounts of electrical work or
energy.
o For example, electric bills are calculated in
kilowatt hours. The kilowatt hour is the billing
unit.
o The amount of work (energy) can be found by
multiplying power (in kilowatts) × time in
hours.
Electric Power
To calculate electric cost, start with the power:
• An air conditioner operates at 240 volts and 20
amperes.
• The power is P = V × I = 240 × 20 = 4800 watts.
o Convert to kilowatts:
4800 watts = 4.8 kilowatts
o Multiply by hours: (Assume it runs half the day)
energy = 4.8 kW × 12 hours = 57.6 kWh
o Multiply by rate: (Assume a rate of $0.08/ kWh)
cost = 57.6 × $0.08 = $4.61 per day
Power Dissipation in Resistance
• When current flows in a resistance, heat is
produced from the friction between the moving
free electrons and the atoms obstructing their
path.
• Heat is evidence that power is used in producing
current.
Power Dissipation in Resistance
• The amount of power dissipated in a resistance
may be calculated using any one of three formulas,
depending on which factors are known:
o P = I2×R
o P = V2 / R
o P = V×I
Problem
• Solve for the power, P, dissipated by the
resistance, R
a) I = 1 A, R = 100Ω , P = ?
b) I = 20 mA, R = 1 kΩ , P = ?
c) V = 5 V, R = 150Ω , P = ?
d) V = 22.36 V, R = 1 kΩ , P = ?

• How much power is dissipated by an 8-Ω

load if the current in the load is 200 mA?
Power Formulas
There are three basic power formulas, but each
can be in three forms for nine combinations.
V2
P  VI
P  I 2R
P
R

P
I P
V R
I2

V2
R
P

P P
V I
I R

V  PR

Where:
P = Power V = Voltage I = Current R=Resistance
Power Formulas
• Combining Ohm’s Law and the Power Formula
o All nine power formulas are based on Ohm’s Law.

V = IR P = VI
I= V
R

• Substitute IR for V to obtain:

P = VI
= (IR)I
= I2R
Power Formulas
• Combining Ohm’s Law and the Power Formula
• Substitute V/R for I to obtain:
P = VI
= V x V/R
= V2 /R
Power Formulas
• Applying power formulas:

5A P = VI = 20 × 5 = 100 W
20 V 4W 2
P = I R = 25 × 4 = 100 W
2
V 400
P= = = 100 W
R 4
Problem
• What is the resistance of a device that
dissipates 1.2 kW of power when its
current is 10 A?
• How much current does a 960 W
coffeemaker draw from the 120 V power
line?
• What is the resistance of a 20 W, 12 V
halogen lamp?
Electric Circuits
The Basics

Circuit: Any path along which electrons can

flow
o Electrons will only flow if the circuit is
complete with no gaps
Open Circuits are broken and do not allow the
flow of electrons
Closed Circuits are complete and allow the
flow of electrons
Types of Circuits

Devices within a circuit can be connected

in one of two ways:
o In Series: Devices form a single pathway
for electrons to flow
o In Parallel: Devices form branches, each
of which is a separate path for the flow
of electrons