Analog Electronics

Lecture 01

Shishir Mallick
Lecturer
Dept. of CSE
Bangladesh University
 Voltage & Current

Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source

that pushes electrons through a conducting loop.

Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in

amperes (A).
𝑑𝑞
i= 𝑑𝑡
Where, i=current
q=charge
t=time
 Resistance is a property of a component that
opposes a flow of current.
The unit of resistance is Ω (ohm).
 Laws of Resistance
Resistance R depends on the following factors :
a) It varies directly as its length, l.
b) It varies inversely as the cross-section A of the
conductor.
c) It depends on the nature of the material.
d) It also depends on the temperature of the
conductor.
Laws of Resistance

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Laws of Resistance

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 Reactance
Reactance is a property of a component that opposes a
change in current.
It is a property of capacitor or inductor.
For a capacitor, current will lead the voltage by 900 and
for an inductor, voltage will lead the current by 900.
 Impedance
Impedance encompasses not only resistance but also
reactance.
In cartesian form, impedance is defiend as
Z=R+jX
Where the real part of impedance is the resistance (R) and
the imaginary part is the reactance (X).
 Power

Active Power:
It is the power which is actually dissipated in the circuit
resistance.
P=VIcosθ
Unit:Watt
 Power
Reactive Power:
Reactive power represents that the energy is first stored and
released in the form of magnetic field in case of inductor and
capacitor respectively.
Q=VIsinθ
Unit: Volt-Ampare reactive (VAR)
The reactive power results in no net transfer of energy but instead
oscillates between the source and load in each cycle due to
stored energy.
 Power
Apparent power:
In an AC circuit, the product of the rms voltage and the rms
current is called apparent power.
When the impedance is a pure resistance, the apparent power
is the same as the true power.
But when reactance exists, the apparent power is greater than
the active power.

𝑠 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2
𝑠= (𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠θ)2 +(𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛θ)2
𝑠 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ2
𝑠 = 𝑉𝐼
Power
An active element is capable of generating energy while a
passive element is not.
Examples of passive elements are resistors, capacitors, and
inductors.
Typical active elements include generators, batteries, and
operational amplifiers.
An ideal independent source is an active element that provides
a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of
other circuit elements.

An ideal dependent source is an active element in which the

source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.
 Linear and Non-linear Circuit
Liner Circuit: A linear circuit is one whose parameters
are constant i.e. they do not change with voltage or
current.

Non-linear Circuit: It is that circuit whose parameters

change with voltage or current.

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 Bilateral and Unilateral Circuit

Bilateral Circuit: A bilateral circuit is one whose

properties or characteristics are the same in either
direction. The usual transmission line is bilateral,
because it can be made to perform its function equally
well in either direction.
Unilateral Circuit: It is that circuit whose properties or characteristics
change with the direction of its operation. A diode rectifier is a unilateral
circuit, because it cannot perform rectification in both directions.

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In any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the
currents meeting at a point is zero.

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The algebraic sum of the products of currents and
resistances in each of the conductors in any closed path
in a network plus the algebraic sum of the e.m.fs. in that
path is zero.

In other words, Σ IR + Σ e.m.f. = 0

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 Problem 1.2

Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Ohm’s Law, find the

magnitude and polarity of voltage V in Fig. 1 (b).
Directions of the two current sources are as shown.
Problem 1.2