Basic Electrical Engineering

POWER
 Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Define power factor
2. Compute real power, apparent power and reactive
power
3. Learn formula for susceptance, conductance and
admittance
 POWER
It is customary to refer to an AC load by using the
term volt-amperes (VA) in systems involving considerable
loads. Representing the product of volts and amperes, it is
a measure of such operational factors as current-carrying
capacity of wires, heating effect in electrical equipment,
ratings of machines and others.
 POWER
Unlike the situations that exist in DC power where
power and volt-amperes are identical, power in AC system
can have any number of values from zero to EI. In fact, the
well-labeled power factor (cos θ) term indicates the extent
to which volt-amperes become P in watts.
 POWER
Power factor is an expression of energy efficiency. It
is usually expressed as a percentage—and the lower the
percentage, the less efficient power usage is.
Power factor (PF) is the ratio of working power,
measured in kilowatts (kW), to apparent power, measured
in kilovolt amperes (kVA). Apparent power, also known as
demand, is the measure of the amount of power used to
run machinery and equipment during a certain period. It is
found by multiplying (kVA = V x A). The result is expressed
as kVA units.
 POWER
Power factor is an expression of energy efficiency. It
is usually expressed as a percentage—and the lower the
percentage, the less efficient power usage is.
Power factor (PF) is the ratio of working power,
measured in kilowatts (kW), to apparent power, measured
in kilovolt amperes (kVA). Apparent power, also known as
demand, is the measure of the amount of power used to
run machinery and equipment during a certain period. It is
found by multiplying (kVA = V x A). The result is expressed
as kVA units.
 POWER
Types of power factor:
1. Unity p.f – the voltage and current are in phase (i.e.
resistive loads)
2. Lagging p.f – the current lags the voltage by an acute
angle theta (i.e. series RL or inductive loads)
3. Leading p.f – the current leads the voltage by an acute
angle theta.(i.e. series RC or capacitive loads.
4. Zero p.f – if the voltage and current are out of phase by
exactly 90 degrees. (i.e. ideal inductor or ideal capacitor
loads
 POWER

Real Power Reactive Power Apparent Power

(Measured in Watts) (Measured in VAR) (Measured in VA)

𝑷 = 𝑬𝑰𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝑸 = 𝑬𝑰𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝑺 = 𝑬𝑰
= 𝑬𝑰𝒑𝒇
𝑬𝟐 𝑬𝟐
= =
𝑬𝟐 𝑿 𝒁
=
𝑹 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑿 = 𝑰𝟐 𝒁
= 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 Q = 𝑆 2 − 𝑃2 S= 𝑃2 + 𝑄2
P = 𝑆 2 − 𝑄2 Voltage Conjugate; 𝑆 = 𝐸 ∗ 𝐼
Current Conjugate; 𝑆 = 𝐸𝐼 ∗
 POWER TRIANGLE

𝑆 2 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2
𝑆 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄2
𝑆 = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄 (inductive)
𝑆 = 𝑃 − 𝑗𝑄 (capacitive)
𝑃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑓 =
𝑆
Other formulas that can be
used to determine components of
complex power is by using the voltage
conjugate (E*I) and current conjugate
(EI*) method.
 POWER TRIANGLE

• By voltage conjugate
• S = E*I
• S = P ± jQ
• If Q is (+) power factor is leading
• If Q is (-) power factor is lagging
•
• By current conjugate
• S=EI*
• S = P ± jQ
• If Q is (+) power factor is lagging
• If Q is (-) power factor is leading
 POWER TRIANGLE

• R-L circuit
P = EIcosθ
Q = EIsinθ
S = EI
Pf = P/S
 POWER TRIANGLE

• R-C circuit
P = EIcosθ
Q = EIsinθ
S = EI
Pf = P/S
 POWER TRIANGLE

• Inductive load R-L

Pt = P1 + P2
Qt = Q1+ Q2
St = 𝑃𝑡 2 + 𝑄𝑡 2
pf = Pt/St
 POWER TRIANGLE

• RL+RL circuit
Pt = P1 + P2
Qt = Q1 + Q2
St = 𝑃𝑡 2 + 𝑄𝑡 2
 POWER TRIANGLE

• Inductive load RL

𝑃
pf =
𝑆
𝑄
sinθ = ;
𝑆
𝑃
cosθ =
𝑆
S = EI
 POWER TRIANGLE

• RL + L circuit
Qt = Q1 + Q2
 POWER TRIANGLE
EXAMPLE 1:
An AC circuit load is rated 160 kVA at a lagging power factor of 0.75.
Determine real and reactive powers.

SOLUTION
𝜃 = cos −1 0.75 = 41.41°
𝑃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = → 𝑃 = 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑆
𝑃 = 160 𝑐𝑜𝑠41.41° = 120𝑘𝑊
𝑄
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = → 𝑄 = 𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑆
𝑄 = 160 𝑠𝑖𝑛41.41 = 105.83 kVAR
 POWER TRIANGLE
EXAMPLE 2:
A 50 microfarad capacitor is connected in series with a 50 ohm
resistor. What is the power if the source voltage is V=100sin(377t + 30
degrees)?
SOLUTION
1 1 𝑃 = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 1.37 2 (50)
𝑋𝑐 = = = 53.05 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑤𝐶 377(50𝑥10−6 )
𝑃 = 93.845 𝑊
𝑍= 𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝑐 2 = 50 2 + 53.05 2

𝑍 = 72.89 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

𝐸 100
𝐼= = = 1.37 𝐴
𝑍 72.89
 POWER TRIANGLE
EXAMPLE 3:
A load of 20 + j35 is connected across a 220 volts source. Determine
the VARS.

SOLUTION
𝐸 220°∟0
𝐼= = = 5.457∟ − 60.255𝐴
𝑍 20 + 𝑗35

𝑄 = 𝐸𝐼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 220(5.457)(𝑠𝑖𝑛60.255)

𝑄 = 1042.36 𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆
 POWER TRIANGLE
EXAMPLE 4:
The metering of a power customer was read and gave the following data:
kW-hr=200,000; kVAR-hr=180,000; Maximum demand = 380 kW; Billing days=30.
What is the average power factor of the customer?
SOLUTION
𝑃 𝑃
𝑝𝑓 = =
𝑠 𝑃2 + 𝑄2
200,000
𝑝𝑓 =
200,0002 + 180,0002

𝑝𝑓 = 0.743
 POWER TRIANGLE
EXAMPLE 5:
A 25 ohm resistor connected in series with a coil of 50 ohm
resistance and 150 mH inductance. What is the power factor of the circuit?
Assume w=377
SOLUTION
𝑅𝑡 = 25 + 50 = 75 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑤𝐿 = 377 150𝑥10−3 = 56.55 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠

𝑍𝑡 = 𝑅𝑡 2 + 𝑋𝐿 2 = 75 2 + 56.55 2

𝑍𝑡 = 93.93 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑅𝑡 75
𝑝𝑓 = = = 0.8 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑍𝑡 93.93
 Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Define conductance (g) , admittance (𝜸) and
susceptance (𝜷) and state its unit
2. Appreciate factors which affect the conductance (g) ,
admittance (𝜸) and susceptance (𝜷)
CONDUCTANCE (G) , ADMITTANCE (𝜸) AND SUSCEPTANCE (𝜷)
SERIES CIRCUIT
 CONDUCTANCE (G) , ADMITTANCE (𝜸) AND
SUSCEPTANCE (𝜷) SERIES CIRCUIT
Any series circuit containing resistance and
reactance may be converted into an equivalent parallel
circuit in which a resistance is in parallel with a reactance;
the fact that the parallel R-X circuit is equivalent to the
series R-X circuit implies that both will take the same
current at the same power factor from the same voltage
source. Referring to the figure on the next slide.
CONDUCTANCE (G) , ADMITTANCE (𝜸) AND
SUSCEPTANCE (𝜷) SERIES CIRCUIT
 CONDUCTANCE
It is the reciprocal of resistance, R and is given the
symbol G. Conductance is defined as the ease at which a
resistor (or a set of resistors) allows current to flow when a
voltage, either AC or DC is applied.
𝟏 𝑹𝑳 𝑹𝑪
𝑮= 𝑮𝑳 = 𝑮𝑪 =
𝑹 𝒁𝑹𝑳 𝟐 𝒁𝑹𝑪 𝟐
(Inductive circuit) (Capacitive circuit)
 SUSCEPTANCE
• It is the reciprocal of reactance, X and is given the
symbol 𝜷. In AC circuits susceptance is defined as the ease
at which a reactance (or a set of reactances) allows current
to flow when a voltage is applied.
𝟏 −𝑿𝑳 𝟏 𝑿𝑪
𝜷𝑳 = 𝜷𝑳 = 𝜷𝑪 = 𝜷𝑪 =
𝑿𝑳 𝒁𝑹𝑳 𝟐 𝑿𝑪 𝒁𝑹𝑪 𝟐
(Inductive circuit) (Capacitive circuit)
 ADMITTANCE
It is the reciprocal of impedance, Z and is given the
symbol 𝜸. In AC circuits admittance is defined as the ease at
which a circuit composed of resistances and reactances
allows current to flow when a voltage is applied taking into
account the phase difference between the voltage and the
current.
𝟏
𝜸= 𝜸 = (𝑮 − 𝒋𝑩𝑳 ) 𝜸 = (𝑮 + 𝒋𝑩𝑪 )
𝒁
(Inductive circuit) (Capacitive circuit)
 SUSCEPTANCE
• 𝑮𝒕 = 𝑮𝑳 + 𝑮𝑪
• 𝜷𝒕 = 𝜷𝑪 − 𝜷𝑳
• 𝜸𝒕 = 𝑮𝒕 ± 𝒋𝜷𝒕
𝑬𝒕
• 𝑰𝒕 = = 𝑬𝒕 𝜸
𝒁
 CONDUCTANCE (G) , ADMITTANCE (𝜸) AND
SUSCEPTANCE (𝜷) SERIES CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE 6:
A parallel circuit consists of a resistor having a conductance of 4 mhos,
an inductive reactor having a susceptance of 8 mhos and a capacitive reactor
having susceptance of 5 mhos. What is the impedance of a circuit?
SOLUTION
𝑌𝑡 = 𝐺𝑡 ± 𝑗𝛽𝑡 = 𝐺𝐿 + 𝑗𝛽𝑐
𝑌𝑡 = 4 − 𝑗8 + 𝑗5
𝑌𝑡 = 4 − 𝑗3 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
1 1
𝑍𝑡 = = = 0.16 + 𝑗0.12 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑌𝑡 4 − 𝑗3