Dokumen - Tips - Electronic Devices 9th Edition by Floyd Pp5a

Electronic Devices
Ninth Edition
Floyd
Chapter 5
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
Summary
The DC Operating Point
Bias establishes the operating point (Q-point) of a transistor

amplifier; the ac signal I (mA) C
moves above and below

Load line
this point.
Ic Ib
For this example, the dc 40
A 400 µ A
Q
base current is 300 A. ICQ 30
B
300 µ A = IBQ
20 200 µ A
When the input causes the
base current to vary between 0 1.2 3.4 5.6
VCE (V)
200 A and 400 A, the VCEQ

Vce
collector current varies
between 20 mA and 40 mA.
Summary
The DC Operating Point
A signal that swings IC

Input
outside the active signal
region will be clipped.

For example, the bias
has established a low ICQ
Q
Q- point. As a result,
VCE
the signal is will be Cutoff 0 VCC
clipped because it is too
close to cutoff. Cutoff
Vce
VCEQ
Summary
Voltage-Divider Bias
A practical way to establish a Q-point is to form a voltage-
divider from VCC.
+VCC
R1 and R2 are selected to establish VB. If the +VCC
+15 V
divider is stiff, IB is small compared to I2. Then,

 R2  R1
R RC
R
VB    VCC
1
27 kW
C
1.2 kW
R
 1  R2  IB
βDC = 200
Determine the base voltage for the circuit. I2
 R2 
VB    VCC R2
R
RE
RE

2
R
 1 R 2 
12 kW 680 W
 12 k 
   15 V   4.62 V
 27 k  12 k 
Summary
What is the emitter voltage, VE, and current, IE? +VCC

+15 V
R1 RC
VE is one diode drop less than VB: 27 kW 1.2 kW
4.62 V
βDC = 200
VE = 4.62 V – 0.7 V = 3.92 V
3.92 V
Applying Ohm’s law: R2 RE
12 kW 680 W
VE 3.92 V
IE    5.76 mA
RE 680 
Summary
The unloaded voltage divider approximation for VB gives
reasonable results. A more exact solution is to Thevenize
the input circuit. + VCC
+15 V
+V
+15 V
CC
VTH = VB(no load)

RC R1 RC
= 4.62 V 1.2 kW 27 kW 1.2 kW
+V TH R TH
RTH = R1||R2 = + – + βDC = 200
4.62 V βDC = 200
IB VBE –
= 8.31 k 8.31 kW
+ RE R2 RE
The Thevenin input IE 12 kW 680 W
–
680 W
circuit can be drawn
Summary
Now write KVL around the base emitter circuit and solve
for IE.
VTH  I B RTH  VBE  I E RE + VCC
+15 V
VTH  VBE
IE 
R RC
RE  TH 1.2 kW
β DC
+V TH R TH
Substituting and solving, + – +
4.62 V βDC = 200
4.62 V  0.7 V IB VBE –
IE   5.43 mA
680  + 8.31 k  8.31 kW
+
200 IE RE
680 W
and VE = IERE = (5.43 mA)(0.68 k –
= 3.69 V
Summary
Multisim allows you to do a

quick check of your result.
Summary
A pnp transistor can be biased from either a positive or negative supply.
Notice that (b) and (c) are the same circuit; both with a positive supply.
- VEE
+ VEE
R1 RC R1 RC R2 RE
R2 RE R2 RE
R1 RC
+ VEE
(a) (b) (c)
Summary
Determine IE for the pnp circuit. Assume a stiff

voltage divider (no loading effect).
+VEE
 R1  +15 V
VB    VEE
R
 1  R2 
R2 RE
 27 k 
  15.0 V   10.4 V
12 kW 680 W
 11.1 V
 27 k  12 k  10.4 V
VE  VB  VBE  10.4 V  0.7 V = 11.1 V RC

R1
27 kW 1.2 kW
VEE  VE 15.0 V  11.1 V
IE    5.74 mA
RE 680 
Summary
Emitter Bias
Emitter bias has excellent stability but requires both a

positive and a negative source. V CC
For troubleshooting analysis, assume that VE +15 V
for an npn transistor is about 1 V. RC

3.9 kW
Assuming that VE is 1 V, what is IE?

RB 1 V
68 kW RE
7.5 kW
VEE  1 V 15 V  (1 V)
IE    1.87 mA
RE 7.5 k VEE
- 15 V
Summary
Emitter Bias
A check with Multisim shows that

the assumption for troubleshooting
purposes is reasonable.
For detailed analysis

work, you can include
the effect of DC. In
this case,
VEE  1 V
IE 
R
RE  B
β DC
Summary
Base Bias
Base bias is used in switching circuits because of its

simplicity, but not widely used in linear applications
because the Q-point is  dependent.
Base current is derived from the collector supply +VCC
+V
+15CCV
through a large base resistor.
RC
What is IB? 1.8 kW
RB
560 kW
VCC  0.7 V 15 V  0.7 V
IB    25.5 A
RB 560 k
Summary
Base Bias
Compare VCE for the case where  = 100 and  = 200.
For  = 100: I C  βI B   100   25.5 μA   2.55 mA +VCC

+15 V
VCE  VCC  I C RC
 15 V   2.55 mA   1.8 k   10.4 V RC
1.8 kW
RB
For  = 300: I C  βI B   300   25.5 μA   7.65 mA
VCE  VCC  I C RC 560 kW
 15 V   7.65 mA   1.8 k   1.23 V
Summary
Emitter-Feedback Bias
An emitter resistor changes base bias into emitter-feedback

bias, which is more predictable. The emitter resistor is a
form of negative feedback.
+VCC
The equation for emitter current is found
by writing KVL around the base circuit.
The result is: RC
RB
VCC  VBE
IE 
R
RE  E
β DC RE
Summary
Collector-Feedback Bias
Collector feedback bias uses another form of negative

feedback to increase stability. Instead of returning the base
resistor to VCC, it is returned to the collector.
The equation for collector current is +VCC
found by writing KVL around the base
circuit. The result is RC
RB
VCC  VBE
IC 
R
RC  B
β DC
Summary
Collector-Feedback Bias
Compare IC for the case when  = 100 with the case when  = 300.
+VCC
When  = 100, + 15 V
VCC  VBE 15 V  0.7 V
IC    2.80 mA RC
RB 1.8 k  330 k  RB
RC  100 1.8 kW
β DC
330 kW
When  = 300,
VCC  VBE 15 V  0.7 V
IC    4.93 mA
RB 1.8 k  330 k 
RC  300
β DC
Key Terms
Q-point The dc operating (bias) point of an amplifier

specified by voltage and current values.
DC load line A straight line plot of IC and VCE for a

transistor circuit.
Linear region The region of operation along the load line
between saturation and cutoff.
Stiff voltage A voltage divider for which loading effects
divider can be ignored.
Feedback The process of returning a portion of a

circuit’s output back to the input in such a
way as to oppose or aid a change in the
Electronic Devices, 9th edition output. © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
All rights reserved.
Thomas L. Floyd
Quiz
1. A signal that swings outside the active area will be

a. clamped
b. clipped
c. unstable
d. all of the above
Quiz
2. A stiff voltage divider is one in which

a. there is no load current
b. divider current is small compared to load current
c. the load is connected directly to the source voltage
d. loading effects can be ignored
Quiz
3. Assuming a stiff voltage-divider for the circuit shown,

the emitter voltage is
+VCC
+15 V
a. 4.3 V
b. 5.7 V R1
20 kW
RC
1.8 kW
c. 6.8 V βDC = 200
d. 9.3 V R2 RE
10 kW 1.2 kW
Quiz
4. For the circuit shown, the dc load line will intersect the
y-axis at
+VCC
+15 V
a. 5.0 mA
b. 10.0 mA R1
20 kW
RC
1.8 kW
c. 15.0 mA βDC = 200
d. none of the above R2 RE

10 kW 1.2 kW
Quiz
5. If you Thevenize the input voltage divider, the Thevenin

resistance is
+VCC
+15 V
a. 5.0 k
b. 6.67 k R1
20 kW
RC
1.8 kW
c. 10 k βDC = 200
d. 30 k R2 RE
10 kW 1.2 kW
Quiz
6. For the circuit shown, the emitter voltage is

a. less than the base voltage +VEE
+15 V
b. less than the collector voltage
R2 RE
12 kW 680 W
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
R1 RC
27 kW 1.2 kW
Quiz
7. Emitter bias
a. is not good for linear circuits
b. uses a voltage-divider on the input
c. requires dual power supplies
d. all of the above
Quiz
8. With the emitter bias shown, a reasonable assumption

for troubleshooting work is that the
VCC
a. base voltage = +1 V +15 V
b. emitter voltage = +5 V RC
3.9 kW
c. emitter voltage = 1 V
d. collector voltage = VCC RB
68 kW RE
7.5 kW
VEE
- 15 V
Quiz
9. The circuit shown is an example of

a. base bias
+VCC
b. collector-feedback bias
c. emitter bias RC
RB
d. voltage-divider bias
Quiz
10. The circuit shown is an example of

a. base bias
+VCC
b. collector-feedback bias RC
RB
c. emitter bias
d. voltage-divider bias
Quiz
Answers:
1. b 6. d
2. d 7. c
3. a 8. c
4. a 9. a
5. b 10. b

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Electronic Devices

The DC Operating Point

Bias establishes the operating point (Q-point) of a transistor

moves above and below

200 A and 400 A, the VCEQ

The DC Operating Point

A signal that swings IC

region will be clipped.

divider is stiff, IB is small compared to I2. Then,

What is the emitter voltage, VE, and current, IE? +VCC

VTH = VB(no load)

Multisim allows you to do a

Determine IE for the pnp circuit. Assume a stiff

VE  VB  VBE  10.4 V  0.7 V = 11.1 V RC

Emitter bias has excellent stability but requires both a

for an npn transistor is about 1 V. RC

Assuming that VE is 1 V, what is IE?

A check with Multisim shows that

For detailed analysis

Base bias is used in switching circuits because of its

Compare VCE for the case where  = 100 and  = 200.

For  = 100: I C  βI B   100   25.5 μA   2.55 mA +VCC

 15 V   7.65 mA   1.8 k   1.23 V

An emitter resistor changes base bias into emitter-feedback

Collector feedback bias uses another form of negative

Q-point The dc operating (bias) point of an amplifier

DC load line A straight line plot of IC and VCE for a

Feedback The process of returning a portion of a

1. A signal that swings outside the active area will be

2. A stiff voltage divider is one in which

3. Assuming a stiff voltage-divider for the circuit shown,

c. 6.8 V βDC = 200

c. 15.0 mA βDC = 200

d. none of the above R2 RE

5. If you Thevenize the input voltage divider, the Thevenin

6. For the circuit shown, the emitter voltage is

8. With the emitter bias shown, a reasonable assumption

9. The circuit shown is an example of

10. The circuit shown is an example of

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