Electric Circuits [ELE2114]

LO4

Lecture Slides Prepared by Ehsan Jarrar @ Sharjah Colleges_201720

1
LO 4: - Describe, generate, and measure various AC signals and
Analyze the steady state response of RC, RL, and RLC circuits
with a sinusoidal source.
 Sub-outcome 1: Identify sinusoidal, square voltage waveforms and
determine the period, frequency, amplitude , average value, and
root - mean - squared value.
 Sub-outcome 2: Determine the component reactance given the
frequency of a sinusoidal source and express component impedance
in terms of a phasor in the complex plane using a diagram,
Cartesian coordinates, and magnitude with a phase.  
 Sub-outcome 3: Determine the relationship between voltage,
current, resistance, reactance, impedance, conductance, suseptance,
and admittance in various AC circuits using appropriate scaled -
units.
 Sub-outcome 4: Determine the resonance frequency for series,
parallel, and series-parallel RLC circuits.
2
Sine waves
The sinusoidal waveform (sine wave) is the fundamental alternating
current (ac) and alternating voltage waveform.

Electrical sine waves are

named from the
mathematical function
with the same shape.

3
Sine waves
• Sine waves are characterized by the amplitude and period.
• The amplitude is the maximum value of a voltage or current;
• The period is the time interval for one complete cycle. The period
of a sine wave can be measured between any two corresponding
points on the waveform.

The amplitude (A)

of this sine wave 20 V
is period is 50.0 ms
The

4
Period and frequency
Frequency ( f ) is the number of cycles that a sine wave completes
Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
in one second.
The period and frequency are reciprocals of each other.
1 1
f  and T
T f

Example (1) : If 3 cycles of a wave occur in one second, the

frequency
3.0 Hz is :-
But if the period is 50 ms, the frequency is:-
0.02 MHz = 20 kHz.
1.0 s

5
Example (2)

The frequency of the mains supply is 50 Hz.

Calculate the time between two +ve peak values of
the voltage.
Ans.

The time between two peak +ve values is the time

for one
cycle. This is the period.
T = 1/f = 0.02 s , Time between peaks = 0.02 s

6
 Generation of a sine wave
Sinusoidal voltage sources
Sinusoidal voltages are produced by ac generators and electronic
oscillators.
When a conductor rotates in a constant magnetic field, a sinusoidal
wave is generated.

CC

N B
B DD S
A B C D
A
A

M o t io n o f c o n d u c t o r C o n d u c to r

When the loop is moving When the conductor is moving parallel

with the lines of flux, no voltage is
perpendicular to the lines of flux, the
induced.
7 maximum voltage is induced.
 AC generator (alternator)

A four-pole generator will produce two complete

cycles in each revolution.

8
 Sine wave voltage and current values
There are several ways to specify the voltage of a
sinusoidal voltage waveform. The amplitude of a sine
wave is also called the peak value, abbreviated as VP for a
voltage waveform.
Peak to peak voltage = 2 x Vpeak
The peak voltage of
this waveform is
20 V. 20 V

15 V

10 V
VP
0 V t (s)
0 25 3 7 .5 5 0 .0

-1 0 V
-1 5 V

-2 0 V

9
Sine wave voltage and current values
 Thevoltage of a sine wave can also be specified as either the
peak-to-peak or the rms value. The peak-to-peak is twice the
peak value. The rms value is 0.707 times the peak value.
Vrms = ,Vp= Vrms , Vpp=2 Vrms

The peak-to-peak 20 V

voltage is40 V. 15 V

10 V
The rms voltage 14.1 V. Vrms
is t (s)
0 V
0 VPP 25 3 7 .5 5 0 .0

-1 0 V
-1 5 V

-2 0 V

10
Sine wave voltage and current values
 
For some purposes, the average value (actually the half-
wave average) is used to specify the voltage or current. By
definition, the average value is as 0.637 times the peak
value.
Vavg =
20 V

15 V
The average value for 10 V
the sinusoidal voltage is Vavg
:- 12.7 V. 0 V
0 25 3 7 .5 5 0 .0
t (s)

-1 0 V
-1 5 V

-2 0 V

11
 Example (3)

 1.An
  a.c. supply has a peak value of 150 V. Calculate the
average value.
Average value = = 95.55 V
 2. An a.c. supply has an rms value of 240 V. Calculate the
peak voltage and the peak to peak value.

  VP =  2 Vrms=  2 x240 = 339 V

Peak voltage = 339 V.
Peak to peak voltage = 2 x Vpeak = 2 x 339 = 678 V
 3. A sinusoidal current has a peak value of 4 A. Calculate the
rms value.
  Irms = = 2.83 A
12
 Example (4)
Determine Vp , Vpp , Vrms and the half-cycle Vavg for the
sine wave in the figure below :

13
 Example (5)

Determine
  the rms voltage across each resistor and the rms current
in the figure below . The source voltage is given as an rms value .
 Determine the total power .
 Repeat if the source voltage =10 V

14
 Example (6)
 In the Figures below find:[ all values given in rms ]
 The unknown peak voltage drop in figure (a)
 The total rms current in Figure (b)
 The total power in Figure (b) if Vrms =24v

15
 Example (7)
 Determine the maximum and minimum voltage across the
resistor in each circuit of the figure below :

16
 Pulse definitions

Ideal pulses

Le a d in g (ris in g ) e d g e Le a d in g (fa llin g ) e d g e

T ra ilin g (fa llin g ) e d g e T ra ilin g (ris in g ) e d g e

B a s e lin e

A m p lit u d e A m p lit u d e

B a s e lin e
P u ls e P u ls e
w id t h w id t h
(a ) P o s it iv e - g o in g p u ls e (b ) N e g a t iv e - g o in g p u ls e

17
 Pulse definitions

 • T is the period of the cycle

• is the pulse width
• Duty cycle=
• Percent duty cycle =()100%
• The average value= baseline+(duty cycle)(Amplitude)

18
Example (8)
Determine the period, and the duty cycle for the pulse waveform below:

19
 Example (9)
Determine the average value of each of the waveforms in the figure
below:

20
 Capacitors in AC circuits
The
  instantaneous capacitor current is equal to capacitance
times the instantaneous rate of change of the voltage across
the capacitor
 , the faster voltage across a capacitor changes , the greater
the current
The rate of change of voltage is directly related to frequency
The faster the voltage changes , the higher the frequency
As f increases , increases , and increases , as increases
means less opposition to current
As increases C increases , this means less opposition to
current
This opposition is called Capacitive Reactive
21
 Capacitors in AC circuits
Capacitive reactance
 Capacitive reactance is the opposition to ac by a capacitor.
The equation for capacitive reactance is

Capacitance reactance XC is in Ohm when f is in hertz and C

in Farads , where 2 , is a constant derived from the relation of
sine wave to rotational motion

22
 Example (10)

Find
   the amplitude, phase, period, and frequency of the

The amplitude is Vm = 12 V.
The phase is ø=10o.
The angular frequency is 50 rad/s.

The period T = 2p = 0.1257 s.

The frequency is

23
 Example(11)

24
Capacitive phase shift

When a sine wave is applied to a capacitor, there is a phase

shift between voltage and current such that current always
leads the voltage by 90o.

25
Example (12)
A sinusoidal voltage is applied to a capacitor , as shown in
the figure below , the frequency of the sine wave is 1KHz .
Determine the capacitive reactance .

26
Reactance for series / parallel capacitors
 Reactance for series capacitors

XC(total ) = XC1+XC2+XC3+………..XCn

Reactance for parallel capacitors

Ohm’s Low
=

27
 Example (13)

28
 Example (14)
What is the total capacitive reactance of each circuit in the
figure below:

29
 Example(15)
What is the voltage across C2 in the circuit of figure below :
Use Voltage divider

30
 Inductors in AC circuits

 The rate of change of current is directly related to

frequency , the faster the current changes , the higher
the frequency
From the relation , when the f increase , increases ,
then increases , so is directly dependent on f
An increase in means more opposition , also the
increase in L produces an increase in which means
more opposition
This opposition is called Inductive reactance which is
directly proportional to both f & L

31
 Inductive reactance
 
Inductive reactance is the opposition to ac by an inductor.
The equation for inductive reactance is :

X LX
L= 2π
as =2
fL
 •Reactance for series capacitors
XL(total ) = XL1+XL2+XL3+………..XLn
•
Reactance for parallel capacitors

• Ohm’s Low

32
 Inductive phase shift
When a sine wave is applied to an inductor, there is a
phase shift between voltage and current such that voltage
always leads the current by 90o.

33
 Example(16)
A sinusoidal voltage is applied to the circuit in the
figure below , the frequency is 10KHz . Determine the
inductive reactance .

34
 Example (17)

35
Example(18)
What is the total inductance reactance of each circuit
below:

36
 Complex numbers ( Math)
A rotating vector was defined as a phasor. Phasors are
useful in analysis of ac circuits.
The complex plane is used to plot vectors and phasors.
All real positive and negative
Positive
numbers are plotted along the j axis

horizontal axis, which is the real axis.

Negative Positive
real axis real axis
All imaginary positive and
negative numbers are
plotted along the vertical
axis, which is the imaginary Negative
j axis
axis.
37
 Complex numbers (Math)
Angular positions can be represented on the
complex plane measured from the positive real
axis.
+j
90°

2nd quadrant 1st quadrant

180 ° 0°/360 °

3rd quadrant 4th quadrant

270°
-j

38
 Complex numbers (Math)
When a point does not lie on an axis, it is a complex
number and is defined by its coordinates.

+j
Determine the coordinates
for each point.

The point in quadrant 1 is 7, j4

The point in quadrant 2 is -2, j6
The point in quadrant 3 is -4,
The point in quadrant 4 is -j1
3, -j8

-j

39
Rectangular form (Math)
Complex numbers can be expressed in either of
two forms: rectangular form or polar form.

The rectangular form describes

a phasor as the sum of the real +j

value (A) and the imaginary

value (jB):
A + jB
For example, the phasor shown
is written in rectangular form as

-4 +j5 -j
 Polar form (Math)
The polar form describes a phasor in terms of a
magnitude (C) and angular position (q) relative to the
positive real (x) axis.
+j

C   129o

6.4
For example, the phasor
shown is written in polar
form as
6.4  129
-j

41
 Conversion from Rectangular to Polar Form (Math)
Basic trig functions, as well as the Pythagorean
theorem allow you to convert between
rectangular and polar notation and vice-versa.
Reviewing these relationships:
opposite side
sin  
hypotenuse
adjacent side
cos  
hypotenuse
opposite side
tan   A d ja c e n t s id e
adjacent side

hypotenuse 2  adjacent side 2  opposite side 2

42
 Conversion from Rectangular to Polar Form (Math)

Converting from rectangular form (A + jB),

C(  
to polar form ) is done as follows:

C  A2  B 2
+jB
and
B
  tan 1 B
A
q

The method for the first quadrant A

is illustrated here.

43
Conversion from Polar to Rectangular Form (Math)

Converting from polar formC (  ) to

rectangular form (A + jB), ) is done as
follows:
A  C cos 
and
B  C sin  C = 12

C B = C sin q
q = 45 o

Convert 1245 to q
rectangular form.
A = C cos q
8.48 + j8.46

44
 Examples: (Math)
Convert the following numbers from rectangular form to
polar form by determining the magnitude and angle:
a) 8+j6 b) 10-j5

Convert the following polar quantities to rectangular

form:
o o
a) 10< 30 b) 200< -45

45
 Mathematical operations (Math)
Complex numbers can be added or subtracted by putting
them in rectangular form first. Then add or subtract the
real parts of each number to get the real part of the sum.
Then add or subtract the j part of each number to get the
j part of the sum or the subtract .

46
 Mathematical operations (Math)
Multiplication or Division can be done in either rectangular form
or polar form. Generally, polar form is more convenient. To
multiply in polar form, multiply the magnitudes and add the angle
algebraically. To divide in polar form, divide the magnitudes and
subtract algebraically the angle of the denominator from the angle
of the numerator.

47
 RC series circuits
Sinusoidal response of series RC circuits
When both resistance and capacitance are in a series
circuit, the phase angle between the applied voltage and
total current is between 0 and 90, depending on the
values of resistance and reactance.
VR VC

VR leads VS VC lags VS

R
C
VS

I leads V S

48
 Relation Between time domain & phasor domain
Example (19)

49
 Impedance Z

50
 Impedance of series RC circuits

In a series RC circuit, the total impedance is the

phasor sum of R and -jXC.

R is plotted along the positive x-axis.

XC is plotted along the negative y-axis (-j).
 XC  R R
  tan  1
 q q
 R 
XC XC
Z is the diagonal
Z Z
  𝟐 𝟐
𝒁 =√ 𝑹 + 𝑿𝒄
It is convenient to reposition the phasors into the impedance triangle.
51
Example (20)

For each circuit in the figure below, write the phasor

expression for the impedance in both rectangular form and
polar form

52
Analysis of series RC circuits
Ohm’s law is applied to series RC circuits
using phasor quantities of Z, V, and I.

V V
V  IZ I Z=
Z I

Because I is the same everywhere in a series

circuit, you can obtain the voltage phasors by
simply multiplying the impedance phasors by the
current.
53
 Phase relation of current and voltages
I lead VC by 90o , VR and I are in phase

54
 Example(21)
Determine the current in the circuit in the figure below
and draw the phasor diagram showing the relation
between source voltage and current .

55
Variation of impedance and phase angle with frequency
Phasor diagrams that have reactance phasors can only be drawn for a
single frequency because X is a function of frequency.
As frequency changes, the impedance R
Increasing f
triangle for an RC circuit changes as q3
q2
q1
illustrated here because XC decreases Z3
with increasing f. This determines the XC 3 f3
frequency response of RC circuits.
Z2
Since XC is the factor that introduces the
XC 2 f2
phase angle in a series RC circuit , a Z1
change in Xc produces change in the
phase angle . As the frequency is f1
XC1
increased , Xc becomes smaller and the
phase angle decreases.

56
 Example (22)
Find v(t) and i(t) in the circuit shown in Fig. below:

57
 The RC lag circuit
An  RC lag circuit is a phase shift circuit in which the output

voltage lags the input voltage as shown in the circuit below the
output taken across the capacitor
or

58
 Magnitude of the output
 
To calculate the output voltage in
terms of its magnitude , use voltage
divider formula:

The phasor expression for the output

voltage of an RC lag circuit is: =<

59
Example (23)

Determine the amount of phase lag input to output and the

output voltage in phasor form when the input has an rms
value of 10V.
Draw the input and output voltage waveform showing the
phase relationship in each lag circuit in the figure below:

60
 RC lead circuit (Vout = VR).

61
 The RC lead circuit
 An RC lead circuit is a phase shift circuit in which the
output voltage leads the input voltage as shown in the
circuit below the output taken across the resistor

Magnitude of the output voltage : To calculate the

output voltage in terms of its magnitude , use voltage
divider formula:

The phasor expression for the output voltage of an RC

lag circuit is: =<

62
 Example(24)

 Calculate the output phase angle and the output voltage in phasor
form when the input has an rms value of 10V.
 Draw the input and output voltage waveform showing the phase
relationship for each circuit in the figure below:

63
 Sinusoidal response of parallel RC circuits
For parallel circuits, it is useful to introduce two new quantities
(susceptance and admittance) and to review conductance.
The unit o the following terms is the Siemens (S)
Conductance( G) is the reciprocal of 1 1
resistance. G 
R R0
Capacitive susceptance(Bc) is the
1
reciprocal of capacitive reactance.B C   
=jBc
XC
Admittance(Y) is the reciprocal ofY  1  =
impedance. Z

64
Sinusoidal response of parallel RC circuits

In a parallel RC circuit, the admittance phasor is the sum of the

conductance and capacitive susceptance phasors. The magnitude can
be expressed as
Y=G + jBc Y  G 2 + BC 2

B 
From the diagram, the phase angle is   tan 1  C 
G 
BC

VS G Bc Y

G
G is plotted along the positive x-axis.
65
BC is plotted along the positive y-axis (+j)
 Example(25)
Draw the admittance phasor diagram for the circuit.

The magnitude of the conductance and susceptance are:

1 1
G   1.0 mS BC  2  10 kHz   0.01  F   0.628 mS
R 1.0 k

 1.0 mS +  0.628 mS   1.18 mS

2 2
Y  G 2 + BC 2 

BC = 0.628 mS

VS R C Y=
1.18 mS
f = 10 kHz 1.0 kW 0.01 mF

G = 1.0 mS

66
 Example(26)
Determine the total admittance (Y) and then convert it to
total impedance (Z) in the figure below .
Draw the admittance phasor diagram .

67
Analysis of parallel RC circuits

Ohm’s law is applied to parallel RC circuits using

phasor quantities of Y, V, and I.

I I
Y= V= I = VY
V Y
Because V is the same across all components in a parallel
circuit, you can obtain the current phasors by simply
multiplying the admittance phasors by the voltage.

68
 Example (27)

Determine the total current and phase angle in the figure

below .
Draw a phasor diagram showing the relationship of Vs &
Itot

69
 Phase angle of parallel RC
circuits
Notice that the formula for capacitive susceptance is the reciprocal
of capacitive reactance. Thus BC and IC are directly proportional to
f: BC  2 fC
As frequency increases, BC and IC must also increase, so the angle
between IR and IS must increase.
 
<

70
 Example (28)
Determine the value of each current in the figure below and
describe the phase relationship of each with the applied
voltage.
Draw the current phasor diagram.

71
Sinusoidal response of series RL circuits
When both resistance and inductance are in a series
circuit, the phase angle between the applied voltage and
total current is between 0 and 90, depending on the
values of resistance and reactance.

VR VL

VR lags VS VL lead s VS

R L
VS

I lags VS
72
 Impedance of series RL circuits
In a series RL circuit, the total impedance is the phasor
sum of R and jXL.
R is plotted along the positive x-axis.
 
XL is plotted along the positive y-axis (+j).
Where , XL = 2
 XL 
1
  tan  
 R Z Z
Z is the diagonal XL XL
q
R q
R
Z=R+jXL
It is convenient to reposition the phasors into the
73 impedance triangle.
 Example (29)
Sketch the impedance triangle and show the values for R
= 1.2 kΩ and XL = 960Ω.

 1.2 k  +  0.96 k 
2 2
Z
 1.33 k

0.96 k Z  1.33 k 39

  tan 1
1.2 k
 39 XL =
q 960 W
R = 1.2 kW

74
 Example(30)
For each circuit in the figure below , write the phasor expression
for the impedance in both rectangular and polar forms

75
Analysis of series RL circuits
Ohm’s law is applied to series RL circuits using phasor
quantities of Z, V, and I.

V V
V  IZ I Z=
Z I

Because I is the same everywhere in a series circuit, you

can obtain the voltage phasors by simply multiplying the
impedance phasors by the current.

76
 Example(31)
The current in the figure below is expressed in polar form as
I=0.2<0o mA :-
Determine the source voltage expressed in polar form ,
Draw a phasor diagram showing the relationship between the
source voltage and the current .

77
 Phase relationships of current and voltages
In a series RL circuit , the current is the same through both
the resistor and the inductor , the resistor voltage is in
phase with the current and the inductor voltage leads the
current by 90o
There is a phase difference of 90o between the resistor
voltage VR and the inductor voltage VL as in the figure
below:

78
 Phase relationships of current and voltages

  leading V by 90o so V is the phasor

V Vs
L R s
VL
sum of VR & VL as:
q
Vs =VR+jVL
VR

Where magnitude of the source voltage

is :

The phase angle is :

79
 Example(32)
Determine I(t) ,VL(t) ,&VR(t) .Put the results in polar & time domain
format.
Answer: 4.472 sin(10t +3.43) A , 8.944 sin(10t + 93.43) V &
17.9 sin(10t + 3.43) V.

80
81
Variation of phase angle with frequency

Phasor diagrams that have reactance phasors can only be

drawn for a single frequency because X is a function of
frequency.
Increasing f

As frequency changes, the Z3

XL 3

impedance triangle for an RL

circuit changes as illustrated Z2 XL 2

here because XL increases with Z1

XL 1

increasing f. This determines q 1 q2

q3

the frequency response of RL R

circuits.

82
 The RL lead circuit

An RL lead circuit is a phase shift circuit in which the

output voltage leads the input voltage where the output
voltage taken across the inductor

83
Phase difference between input and output

 If V <0o , I<- then

in

Vout= (I<- )(XL<90o)=I XL< 90o-

The angle between Vout and Vin is :
 or
To calculate the output voltage in terms of its magnitude
, use voltage divider formula:

The phasor expression for the output voltage of an RL

lead circuit is: =<

84
 Example(33)
 Determine the amount of phase lead from input to output .
 Determine the output voltage in phasor form when the input
voltage has an rms value of 5V .
 Draw the input and output voltage waveforms showing their
peak values for each lead circuit in the figure below:

85
 The RL Lag circuit

An RL lead circuit is a phase shift circuit in which the

output voltage leads the input voltage where the output
voltage taken across the resistor

86
 Phase difference between input and output
 The angle between Vout and Vin is :

To calculate the output voltage in terms of its

magnitude , use voltage divider formula:

The phasor expression for the output voltage of an RL

lead circuit is: =<

87
 Example(34)
 Calculate the output phase angle
 Determine the output voltage in phasor form when the input
voltage has an rms value of 10V .
 Draw the input and output voltage waveforms showing their peak
values for each circuit in the figure below:

88
Sinusoidal response of parallel RL circuits

For parallel circuits, it is useful to review conductance,

susceptance and admittance, introduced in Chapter 15.
1 1
Conductance is the reciprocal G 
R R0
of resistance.
1
Inductive susceptance is the BL 
XL
reciprocal of inductive
reactance.
Admittance is the reciprocal of 1
impedance. Y
Z
89
 Sinusoidal response of parallel RL circuits
In a parallel RL circuit, the admittance phasor is the sum of the
conductance and inductive susceptance phasors.
Y = G - JBL
Y  G 2 + BL 2
The magnitude can be expressed as
B 
   tan 1  L 
From the diagram, the phase angle G
is
G
q

VS G BL
BL Y

90
 Example(35)
Determine the total admittance and then convert it to total
impedance in the figure below . Draw the admittance phasor
diagram

91
 Analysis of parallel RL circuits

Ohm’s law is applied to parallel RL circuits using

phasor quantities of Y, V, and I.

I I
Y= V= I = VY
V Y
Because V is the same across all components in a
parallel circuit, you can obtain the current phasors by
simply multiplying the admittance phasors by the
voltage.

92
 Phase angle of parallel RL circuits
Notice that the formula for inductive susceptance is the
reciprocal of inductive reactance. Thus BL and IL are
1
B
inversely proportional to
2 f:
L
fL
IR
As frequency increases, BL and IL q
decrease, so the angle between IR and
IS must decrease as well.
IS
IL
 

<-

93
 Example(36)
Determine the value of each current in the figure below and
describe the phase relationship of each with the applied
voltage .
Draw the current phasor diagram.

94
 Example (37)

Determine
   the input impedance of the circuit in Fig. at 10
rad/s. Answer: (149.52 - j195)

95
 Example (38)
Determine Vo(t) in the circuit of Fig. below:

96
 RLC Circuits & Resonance
Applications of Resonance
Resonance is a very valuable property of reactive AC
circuits, employed in a variety of applications like :
RLC circuits are used either for generating signals at a
particular frequency, or picking out a signal at a particular
frequency from a more complex signal. They are key
components in many electronic devices, particularly radio
equipment, used in circuits such as
Oscillators
Filters
Tuners
Frequency mixers.

97
Impedance of series RLC circuits
When R, L, and C are in a series circuit, the reactance of the
inductor and reactance of the capacitor tend to offset each other,
depending on the values. The total reactance is

X tot  X L  X C
When XL>XC, the circuit is predominantly inductive.
When XC>XL, the circuit is predominantly capacitive.
R L C

VS

98
 Impedance of series RLC circuits

The total impedance for the RLC circuit is given by

Z  R  jX L  jX C
In polar form, this is written
 X tot 
Z  R   X L  XC 
2 1
2
 tan  
 R 
R L C

VS

99
 Impedance of series RLC circuits
• Depending on the frequency, the circuit can appear to be
capacitive or inductive. The circuit in the example was capacitive
because X >X
C L

• By changing the frequency, the circuit appears to be inductive

because XL>XC
• Notice that there is a frequency at which XC=XL. This condition is
called series resonance.

100
 Example (39)

What is the total impedance for the circuit?

X L  2 fL  2  100 kHz   330  H   207 

1 1
XC    796 
2 fC 2  100 kHz   2000 pF 

Z  R  jX L  jX C  470  +j 207   j 796 

=470   j 589  R L C

470 W 330 mH 2000 pF

In polar form,
VS f = 100 kHz
Z  753   51.4

The circuit is
101 capacitive
 Example(40)
For the series RLC circuit in the figure below , determine the
total impedance . Express it in both rectangular and polar
forms.

102
 Voltages in a series RLC circuits
The voltages across the RLC components must add to the
source voltage in accordance with KVL. Because of the
opposite phase shift due to L and C, VL and VC
effectively subtract.

Notice that VC is
out of phase with VL
VL. When they are
algebraically 0

VC
added, the result
is…. This example is inductive.

103
 Example (41)
Find the current and voltages across each component in
the figure below . Express each quantity in polar form ,
and draw a complete phasor diagram.

104
 Series resonance
At series resonance, XC and XL cancel. VC and VL also
cancel because the voltages are equal and opposite. The
circuit is purely resistive at resonance.
XL = XC
Zr= R

Algebraic sum
is zero.

105
 Example(42)
For the series RLC circuit in the figure below , determine XC
and Z at resonance .

106
 Series resonance

The formula for resonance can be found by setting XC =

XL. The result is 1
fr 
2 LC

Example(43) What is the resonant frequency for the

1 circuit?
fr  R L C
2 LC
1 470 W 330 mH 2000 pF

2  330 μH   2000 pF  VS
 196 kHz

107
 Series resonance

Ideally, at resonance the sum of VL and VC is zero.

By KVL,
VS V=0 VR = VS
What is VR at resonance?
5.0 Vrms
R L C

470 W 330 mH 2000 pF

VS
5.0 Vrms
5.0 Vrms

108
 Series resonance
Summary of important concepts for series resonance:
• Capacitive and inductive reactances are
equal.
• Total impedance is a minimum and is
resistive.
• The current is maximum.
1
• The phase 
angle rbetween
f VS and IS is zero.
2 LC
• fr is given by

109
110
 Example (44)

Find I , VR , VL , VC at resonance for the circuit in the

figure below :

111
 Example (45)

For the circuit in the figure below , determine the impedance

magnitude at the following frequencies :
a) Fr b) 1000Hz below Fr c) 1000Hz above Fr

112
 The phase angle of a series RLC circuit
At frequencies below resonance XC >XL ,
the current leads the source voltage .
The phase angle decreases as the frequency
o
approaches the resonant value and is 0 at
resonance .
At frequency above resonance XL > XC and
the current lags the source voltage .
As the frequency goes higher the phase
angle approaches 90o
113
114
Impedance of parallel RLC circuits

For parallel RLC circuits, the impedance is found using

the reciprocal of the sum-of-reciprocals.
1 1 1 1
  
Z R0 X L 90 X C   90

VS R L C

115
Example (46)
Find Z in polar form for the parallel RLC circuit in the figure
below:

116
 Sinusoidal response of parallel RLC circuits

The conductance, susceptance, and admittance phasors

can also be used to find current. Recall that

1 1
G 
R R0
1
BC 
X C   90
1 These quantities can be multiplied
BL  by the voltage to obtain current.
X L 90

1
Y
Z 

117
 Example (47)
For the RLC circuit in the figure below , determine the
conductance , capacitive susceptance , inductive susceptance ,
total admittance and the impedance

118
 Sinusoidal response of parallel RLC circuits

For parallel RLC circuits, the current phasors can be

obtained directly from Ohm’s law. Recall that
VS
IR  and that IR is plotted along the positive real axis.
R
VS
IC 
XC and that IC is plotted along the positive j axis.

VS
IL  and that IL is plotted along the negative j axis.
XL

119
 Sinusoidal response of parallel RLC circuits

A typical current phasor diagram for a parallel RLC

circuit is The total current is given by:
 I CL 
I   IC  I L 
2 1
I tot  2
R  tan  
I
 R 

Example (48)
What is Itot if IR = 10 mA, IC = 15 mA and IL = 5
mA? 14.145 mA

120
 Currents in a parallel RLC circuits

The currents in the RLC components must

add to the source current in accordance
with KCL. Because of the opposite phase
shift due to L and C, IL and IC effectively
subtract.
Notice that IC is IC
out of phase
with IL. When 0

IL
they are
algebraically
added, the result
121 is….
 Example (49)

Draw a diagram of the phasors if IR = 12

mA, IC = 22 mA and IL = 15 mA? IC
20 mA

10 mA

• Set up a grid with a scale that will 0 mA IR

allow all of the data– say 2 mA/div.
• Plot the currents on the appropriate 10 mA
axes
• Combine the reactive currents
20 mA
• Use the total reactive current and
IR to find the total current. IL

In this case, Itot 16.625 mA

122
=
Example (50)
For the circuit in the figure below find each branch current
and the total current . Draw a diagram of their relationship .

123
 Parallel resonance

Ideally, at parallel resonance, IC and IL cancel because

the currents are equal and opposite. The circuit is
purely resistive at resonance.

The algebraic
Notice that IC is sum is zero.
IC
out of phase
with IL. When 0

they are IL
algebraically
added, the result
is….
124
 Parallel resonance

The formula for the resonant frequency in both parallel

and series circuits is the same, namely
1
fr 
2 LC (ideal case)

Example (51) : What is the resonant frequency for the

circuit?
1
fr 
2 LC
1 VS R L C

2  680 μH   15 nF  1.0 kW 680 mH 15 nF
 49.8 kHz

125
 Parallel resonance
Summary of important concepts for parallel resonance:

• Capacitive and inductive susceptance are

equal.
• Total impedance is a maximum (ideally
infinite).
• The current is minimum.
1
• The phase f
angler  between VS and IS is zero.
2 LC

• fr is given by
126
bandwidth of series and parallel resonant circuits
 Bandwidth (BW), is an important characteristic of a
resonant circuit , as bandwidth is the range of
frequencies for which the current is equal to or greater
than 70.7% of its resonant value. Figure in next
illustrates bandwidth on the response curve of a series
RLC circuit.
Notice that the frequency below is the point at which
the current is 0.707Imax and is called the lower critical
frequency. The frequency above where the current is
again 0.707Imax is the upper critical frequency.
Other names for and are -3dB frequencies, cutoff
frequencies, and half-power frequencies.
127
 Formula for Bandwidth
 ,

   ( for series RLC)

 for series RLC resonance
for parallel RLC resonance
  At resonance , ,
 The power at OR is

128
 Example 52

129
 END LO4

130