Alternating Current

Alternating waveform

The time T taken for one complete cycle is called the periodic time and the
number of cycles occurring per second is called the frequency, f Thus f = 1/T.

θ 2π 1
v(t ) = Vm sin ωt i(t ) = I m sin ωt ω= ω= = 2π = 2π f
t T T
AU-444 Hybrid Vehicles & Drivers by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid H Hashmi (Lec 6-AC basics) 1
 Resistive Load
Consider a sinusoidal current, i passing Ohm's law v = iR
through a pure resistance, R.
∴ v = I m R sin ωt
At maximum voltage,Vm sin ωt = 1
i(t ) = I m sin ωt ∴Vm = I m R
v(t ) = Vm sin ωt
For a given sinusoidal current the The resistive reactance, XR is
voltage wave form under steady state Vm I m R
condition for a resistive load is XR = = =R
Im Im

i and V are in phase.

AU-444 Hybrid Vehicles & Drivers by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid H Hashmi (Lec 6-AC basics) 2
 Inductive Load
Consider a sinusoidal current, i passing Rate of change of the current.
through a pure inductance, L.

di
i(t ) = I m sin ωt dt

The current varies with time.

The e.m.f induced is directly
proportional to the rate of change of
the current.
i(t ) = I m sin ωt

In an inductor, a changing current

di
produces a back e.m.f. di e.m. f = − L
e.m. f = − L dt
dt
AU-444 Hybrid Vehicles & Drivers by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid H Hashmi (Lec 6-AC basics) 3
 Inductive Load
The applied voltage must overcome ∴ v = ω LI m sin(ωt + π /2)
this back e.m.f. for a current to flow The current and the voltage are out of
in a conductor, so the voltage across phase with the voltage leading the current
the inductor would be. by 90°.
di
v=L The maximum voltage is at cos ωt =1
dt
∴Vm = ω LI m
v(t ) = Vm cos ωt
The inductive reactance, XL is
Vm
XL =
Im
di ω LI m
i(t ) = I m sin ωt = ω I m cos ωt XL = = ωL
dt Im
di
v=L v = Lω I m cos ωt The unit of inductive reactance is ohm.
dt
∵ cos ωt =sin(ωt + π /2) X L = 2π fL
AU-444 Hybrid Vehicles & Drivers by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid H Hashmi (Lec 6-AC basics) 4
 Inductive Load
X L = 2π fL

The root mean square voltage and

current is,
Vm Im
Vrms = I rms =
2 2

Vm 2Vrms Vrms
XL = = =
Im 2 I rms I rms

AU-444 Hybrid Vehicles & Drivers by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid H Hashmi (Lec 6-AC basics) 5
 Capacitive Load
Consider a sinusoidal voltage, v The current is directly proportional
applied a pure Capacitor of to the gradient of the voltage.
capacitance, C.
v(t ) = Vm sin ωt dv
dt

The voltage varies with time. The current leads the voltage by
90º.

v(t ) = Vm sin ωt

d
i = C (Vm sin ωt )
In a capacitor, a changing voltage dt
produces a current dv i = ωCVm cos ωt
i=C
dt
AU-444 Hybrid Vehicles & Drivers by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid H Hashmi (Lec 6-AC basics) 6
 Capacitive Load
i = ωCVm cos ωt The unit of capacitive reactance is
∵ cos ωt =sin(ωt + π /2) ohm. 1
XC =
2π fC
i = ωCVmsin(ωt + π /2)

v(t ) = Vm sin ωt
The current and the voltage are out of
phase, the current leading the voltage
by 90º.
The maximum current is at cos ωt =1
∴ I m = ωCVm
The capacitive reactance, XC is
Vm
XC =
Im
Vm 1
XC = =
ωCVm ωC
AU-444 Hybrid Vehicles & Drivers by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid H Hashmi (Lec 6-AC basics) 7
 Resistive Inductive and Capacitive AC circuit

AU-444 Hybrid Vehicles & Drivers by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid H Hashmi (Lec 6-AC basics) 8
 Resistive Inductive and Capacitive AC circuit
For a given sinusoidal voltage
(V) wave form, what will be the i and V are in
current (i) wave form under phase
steady state condition for a
resistive load?

For a given sinusoidal voltage (V)

wave form, what will be the i is lagging V
current (i) wave form under
steady state condition for an
inductive load?

For a given sinusoidal voltage

(V) wave form, what will be
the current (i) wave form i is leading V
under steady state condition for
a capacitive load?

AU-444 Hybrid Vehicles & Drivers by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid H Hashmi (Lec 6-AC basics) 9
 Instantaneous power in R circuits

What will be the average power for a

resistive load ?

Draw a power waveform for a resistive load

 
2

AU-444 Hybrid Vehicles & Drivers by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid H Hashmi (Lec 6-AC basics) 10
 Instantaneous power in L circuits

What will be the average power for an

inductive load ?

Draw a power waveform for an inductive load

AU-444 Hybrid Vehicles & Drivers by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid H Hashmi (Lec 6-AC basics) 11
 Instantaneous power in C circuits

What will be the average power for a

capacitive load ?

Draw a power waveform for a capacitive load

AU-444 Hybrid Vehicles & Drivers by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid H Hashmi (Lec 6-AC basics) 12
 Average power variation in R-L loads

What happen to power

curve of R-L circuit
when R increases
slightly

Here phase lag varies i.e. when phase lag

is 90 degree then R=0 (pure inductive)
and when phase lag is 0 then R=∞ or
L=0 (pure resistive)
What will be the effect of resistance on
power curve of R-L circuit

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 Average power variation in R-C loads

What happen to
power curve of R-C
circuit when R
increases slightly

Here phase lead varies i.e. when

phase lag is 90 degree then R=0 (pure
capacitive) and when phase lag is 0
then R=∞ or C=0 (pure resistive)
What will be the effect of resistance
on power curve of R-C circuit

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 Average power variation in R-L and R-C loads

Average Power is zero for pure Inductive and Capacitive load

Average Power is maximum for pure resistive load.

In R-L and R-C loads there is some portion of power curve

in the negative, therefore their average powers are less than
the pure resistive loads

AU-444 Hybrid Vehicles & Drivers by Dr.-Ing. S. Mushahid H Hashmi (Lec 6-AC basics) 15